Tag: <span>Variable level system</span>

[ad_1]

“The first on-line, real-time, interactive, data base system was double-entry bookkeeping which was developed by the merchants of Venice in 1200 A.D.”

– Bryce’s Law

Systems work is not as hard as you might think. However, we have a tendency in this business to complicate things by changing the vocabulary of systems work and introducing convoluted concepts and techniques, all of which makes it difficult to produce systems in a consistent manner. Consequently, there is a tendency to reinvent the wheel with each systems development project. I believe I owe it to my predecessors and the industry overall to describe basic systems theory, so that people can find the common ground needed to communicate and work. Fortunately, there are only four easy, yet important, concepts to grasp which I will try to define as succinctly as possible.

1. THERE ARE THREE INHERENT PROPERTIES TO ANY SYSTEM

Regardless of the type of system, be it an irrigation system, a communications relay system, an information system, or whatever, all systems have three basic properties:

A. A system has a purpose – such as to distribute water to plant life, bouncing a communications signal around the country to consumers, or producing information for people to use in conducting business.

B. A system is a grouping of two or more components which are held together through some common and cohesive bond. The bond may be water as in the irrigation system, a microwave signal as used in communications, or, as we will see, data in an information system.

C. A system operates routinely and, as such, it is predictable in terms of how it works and what it will produce.

All systems embrace these simple properties. Without any one of them, it is, by definition, not a system.

For our purposes, the remainder of this paper will focus on “information systems” as this is what we are normally trying to produce for business. In other words, the development of an orderly arrangement or grouping of components dedicated to producing information to support the actions and decisions of a particular business. Information Systems are used to pay employees, manage finances, manufacture products, monitor and control production, forecast trends, process customer orders, etc.

If the intent of the system is to produce information, we should have a good understanding of what it is…

2. INFORMATION = DATA + PROCESSING

Information is not synonymous with data. Data is the raw material needed to produce information. Data by itself is meaningless. It is simply a single element used to identify, describe or quantify an object used in a business, such as a product, an order, an employee, a purchase, a shipment, etc. A data element can also be generated based on a formula as used in a calculation; for example:

Net-Pay = Gross-Pay – FICA – Insurance – City-Tax – Union-Dues – (etc.)

Only when data is presented in a specific arrangement for use by the human being does it become information. If the human being cannot act on it or base a decision from it, it is nothing more than raw data. This implies data is stored, and information is produced. It is also dependent on the wants and needs of the human being (the consumer of information). Information, therefore, can be defined as “the intelligence or insight gained from the processing and/or analysis of data.”

The other variable in our formula is “processing” which specifies how data is to be collected, as well as its retrieval in order to produce information. This is ultimately driven by when the human being needs to make certain actions and decisions. Information is not always needed “upon request” (aka “on demand”); sometimes it is needed once daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, etc. These timing nuances will ultimately dictate how data is collected, stored, and retrieved. To illustrate, assume we collect data once a week. No matter how many times during the week we make a query of the data base, the data will only be valid as of the last weekly update. In other words, we will see the same results every day for one week. However, if we were to collect the data more frequently, such as periodically throughout the day, our query will produce different results throughout the week.

Our formula of “I = D + P” makes an important point: if the data is changed, yet the processing remains the same, the information will change. Conversely, if the data remains the same, yet the processing changes, the information will also change. This leads to a compelling argument to manage data and processing as separate by equal resources which can be manipulated and reused to produce information as needed.

3. SYSTEMS ARE LOGICAL IN NATURE AND CAN BE PHYSICALLY IMPLEMENTED MANY DIFFERENT WAYS

An information system is a collection of processes (aka, “sub-systems”) to either collect and store data, to retrieve data and produce information, or a combination of both. The cohesive bond between these components is the data which should be shared and reused throughout the system (as well as other systems). You will observe we have not yet discussed the most suitable way to physically implement the processes, such as through the use of manual processes, computer programs, or other office technology. In other words, at this stage, the sub-systems of the system simply define logically WHAT data must be processed, WHEN it must be processed, and who will consume the information (aka “end-users”), but it most definitely does not specify HOW the sub-system is to be implemented.

Following this, developers determine a suitable approach for physically implementing each sub-system. This decision should ultimately be based on practicality and cost effectiveness. Sub-systems can be implemented using manual procedures, computer procedures (software), office automation procedures, or combinations of all three. Depending on the complexity of the sub-system, several procedures may be involved. Regardless of the procedures selected, developers must establish the precedent relationships in the execution of the procedures, either sequentially, iteratively, of choice (thereby allowing divergent paths). By defining the procedures in this manner, from start to end, the developers are defining the “work flow” of the sub-system, which specifies HOW the data will be physically processed (including how it is to be created, updated, or referenced).

Defining information systems logically is beneficial for two reasons:

* It provides for the consideration of alternative physical implementations. How one developer designs it may very well be different than the next developer. It also provides the means to effectively determine how a purchased software package may satisfy the needs. Again, the decision to select a specific implementation should be based on practicality and cost justification.

* It provides independence from physical equipment, thereby simplifying the migration to a new computer platform. It also opens the door for system portability, for example; our consulting firm helped a large Fortune 500 conglomerate design a single logical payroll system which was implemented on at least three different computer platforms as used by their various operating units; although they physically worked differently, it was all the same basic system producing the same information.

These logical and physical considerations leads to our final concept…

4. A SYSTEM IS A PRODUCT THAT CAN BE ENGINEERED AND MANUFACTURED LIKE ANY OTHER PRODUCT.

An information system can be depicted as a four level hierarchy (aka, “standard system structure”):

LEVEL 1 – System

LEVEL 2 – Sub-systems (aka “business processes”) – 2 or more

LEVEL 3 – Procedures (manual, computer, office automation) – 1 or more for each sub-system

LEVEL 4 – Programs (for computer procedures), and Steps (for all others) – 1 or more for each procedure

Each level represents a different level of abstraction of the system, from general to specific (aka, “Stepwise Refinement” as found in blueprinting). This means design is a top-down effort. As designers move down the hierarchy, they finalize design decisions. So much so, by the time they finish designing Level 4 for a computer procedure, they should be ready to write program source code based on thorough specifications, thereby taking the guesswork out of programming.

The hierarchical structure of an information system is essentially no different than any other common product; to illustrate:

LEVEL 1 – Product

LEVEL 2 – Assembly – 2 or more

LEVEL 3 – Sub-assembly – 1 or more for each assembly

LEVEL 4 – Operation – 1 or more for each sub-assembly

Again, the product is designed top-down and assembled bottom-up (as found in assembly lines). This process is commonly referred to as design by “explosion” (top-down), and implementation by “implosion” (bottom-up). An information system is no different in that it is designed top-down, and tested and installed bottom-up. In engineering terms, this concept of a system/product is commonly referred to as a “four level bill of materials” where the various components of the system/product are defined and related to each other in various levels of abstraction (from general to specific).

This approach also suggests parallel development. After the system has been designed into sub-systems, separate teams of developers can independently design the sub-systems into procedures, programs, and steps. This is made possible by the fact that all of the data requirements were identified as the system was logically subdivided into sub-systems. Data is the cohesive bond that holds the system together. From an engineering/manufacturing perspective it is the “parts” used in the “product.” As such, management of the data should be relegated to a separate group of people to control in the same manner as a “materials management” function (inventory) in a manufacturing company. This is commonly referred to as “data resource management.”

This process allows parallel development, which is a more effective use of human resources on project work as opposed to the bottleneck of a sequential development process. Whole sections of the system (sub-systems) can be tested and delivered before others, and, because data is being managed separately, we have the assurance it will all fit together cohesively in the end.

The standard system structure is also useful from a Project Management perspective. First, it is used to determine the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for a project complete with precedent relationships. The project network is then used to estimate and schedule the project in part and in full. For example, each sub-system can be separately priced and scheduled, thereby giving the project sponsors the ability to pick and chose which parts of the system they want early in the project.

The standard system structure also simplifies implementing modification/improvements to the system. Instead of redesigning and reconstructing whole systems, sections of the system hierarchy can be identified and redesigned, thereby saving considerable time and money.

This analogy between a system and a product is highly credible and truly remarkable. Here we can take a time-proven concept derived from engineering and manufacturing and apply it to the design and development of something much less tangible, namely, information systems.

CONCLUSION

Well, that’s it, the four cardinal concepts of Information Systems theory. I have deliberately tried to keep this dissertation concise and to the point. I have also avoided the introduction of any cryptic vocabulary, thereby demonstrating that systems theory can be easily explained and taught so that anyone can understand and implement it.

Systems theory need not be any more complicated than it truly is.

[ad_2]

Source by Tim Bryce

[ad_1]

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) test systems otherwise called “ESD Guns” play a significant role in product development stages. Their appropriate use is viewed as vital for any Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) testing facility. There are several kinds of test systems to look over, such as the ones that test the components as per the charged device model (CDM), human body model (HBM), or machine model (MM), and system-level tests as elaborated in standards, for example, IEC 61000-4-2. In this article, we are going to get a deeper insight into en61000-4-2 ESD simulator. Read on.

Aside from allowing test engineers and specialist technicians to test an item as per IEC 61000-4-2, the ESD simulator permits EMC experts and product developers to rapidly acquire and access important data about the robustness of the Equipment under test (EUT).

ESD test systems produce an extremely high voltage, high current, high-frequency content pulse. At the point when this pulse is applied to the EUT, test deficiencies appear as programmed resets, and program crashes. Other forms of product activities, or by-product may not meet the required specs.

An investigation of the root causes often shows the emergence of failure mechanisms of these EUT failure modes, such as significant circuit loops, deficient power decoupling, and inferior grounding within the PCB.

Other forms of design deficiencies that fail the ESD test include deficient insufficient EMI suppression incorporated into I/O ports, missing or inaccurately connected shields, insufficient holding of panels and internal shields, just to name a few.

The entirety of this important information concerning the EUT’s lack of robustness to EMI transients is acquired effectively and rapidly with a single basic apparatus – the ESD Simulator.

Main Functioning Principle

The contact discharge test method involves maintaining contact between the ESD simulator and the equipment under test (EUT) while the discharges are applied. Since this type of testing eliminates numerous environmental variables that can frequently have a major influence on test results, EN/IEC 61000-4-2 says that contact discharge is the preferable test technique.

The other primary technique of testing for ESD immunity that is often required is air discharge testing. It requires bringing the ESD generator (energy excess) towards the equipment under test (EUT) until the potential gets sufficient to overcome the gap and discharge happens.

Why should you use an ESD Gun?

There is no need to spend a significant amount of time setting up the EUT in an EMC chamber, monitoring over a wide frequency range, and simply waiting for long periods while carefully examining the EUT until a valid failure is detected.

And all of this happens when conducting a typical radiated or conducted radio frequency (RF) immunity test. Using ESD simulators, design work may be done on the spot, utilizing a basic test setup and ground reference plane.

The bonus is that the same EUT design modifications made to pass ESD testing frequently help pass other types of EMC tests to which the EUT would likely be exposed.

The Takeaway

In short, those who are familiar with the functionality of an ESD test system can easily acknowledge the effectiveness of the ESD simulator and how that can be efficiently used by product designers and developers.

[ad_2]

Source by Shalini M

[ad_1]

Public education was created in part to be one of the mediating institutions that would mold the American character one citizen at a time. It is critical to the creation of responsible citizens capable of making informed decisions in order to produce and maintain a system of government that works. For at least a generation now, public education has abandoned the noble purpose of helping our young people understand who we are, where we came from, what we stand for and how to pass that on to our successors. Instead, it has embraced the goal of making sure that young men and women are competent at whatever they choose to do in life. Competence is important, but it does little to prepare the next generation for the job of deciding what this nation’s future will be.

If citizens are to remain citizens, and not merely consumers; if individual happiness is to be the product of more than the mere satisfaction of individual wants and desires; then the discussion of education in America must move to a higher level. It must touch upon the greater purposes that animate the nation. The advent of dot-com democracy brings with it a heightened sense of both the importance and the urgency of that discussion. We live in a time when it is possible to be all places all the time; to communicate immediately anywhere in the world; to make decisions on anything from holiday gifts to competing candidates with the click of a mouse; to create mass democracy unlike ever in the history of the world. Ironically, as we possess the technology to communicate with one another more efficiently than ever before, we run the risk of becoming a nation of strangers – each alone in front of a computer screen, talking in chat rooms, on e-mail, through the Web.

We possess the tools to transform the nature of democratic government, to make sure that democratic government responds to the wishes of the people, expressed directly by the people. The question then becomes: Do we possess the wisdom as a people to step back and ask if that is really such a good idea?

In an age of instant access, instant information and instant gratification, do we possess the wisdom to distinguish between the desire to satisfy the momentary impulse to serve popular opinion and the discipline, foresight and discernment needed to seek the long-term interests of a nation?

These are the most fundamental questions that have always confronted the American republic. For generations, educated citizens of that republic have found answers to these questions – at times through deliberation, at times through dumb luck. But the global context in which these questions are raised today is unlike ever in the world’s history, making our ability to come up with the right answers all the more important. And that means that the quality and character of the education provided the current and future generations of young minds in a democracy will be all the more critical to ensuring the future of that democracy.

While accountability for results has been an education reform slogan for some time, it is increasingly becoming a reality for schools around the nation. When states and districts create accountability systems, the first issue policymakers face is how to tell which schools and classrooms are succeeding, which are failing – and which are somewhere in between, perhaps succeeding at some things and lagging in others. This turns out to be genuinely complicated. Picking the schools with overall high or low average test scores is an obvious way to proceed, but the strong correlation between test scores and student socioeconomic background makes this problematic. Such an approach will tend to reward schools with prosperous students and punish those with disadvantaged pupils.

Most states are interested in rewarding the schools where teachers are most effective at producing student learning – that is, the schools that add the greatest value to their students, no matter where those students start or what advantages and disadvantages accompany them to school. In its simplest form, value-added assessment means judging schools and sometimes individual teachers based on the gains in student learning they produce rather than the absolute level of achievement their students reach. It turns out, however, that just as students start at different levels of achievement, they gain at different rates at well, sometimes for reasons unrelated to the quality of instruction they receive. For example, middle-class-children may be more likely to have parents help them with their homework. To identify how much value a school is adding to a student, the effect of the school on student achievement must be isolated from the effects of a host of other factors, such as poverty, race, and pupil mobility. A number of states and school districts are turning to sophisticated statistical models that seek to do just that. These “value-added” models come in two basic flavors: those that include variables representing student socioeconomic characteristics as well as a student’s test scores from previous years, and those that use only a student’s prior test scores as a way of controlling for confounding factors.

Whether to incorporate measures of student background into the model is a charged and complicated question. Those who use the first type of analytic model (including measures of student poverty, race, etc., in addition to prior test scores) do so because they find that socioeconomic characteristics affect not only where students begin but also how much progress they make from year to year. Given the same quality of instruction, low-income and minority students will make less progress over time, their research shows. If the background variables are not included, the model may underestimate how much value is being added to the students by these schools. Student background is not strongly correlated with the gains a student will make, once the student’s test scores in previous years are taken into account. If socioeconomic status indeed influences the gains made by students, as much research suggests, this raises thorny policy questions for value-added assessment. Omitting such variables from the model is apt to be unfair to schools (or teachers) with a high percentage of disadvantaged pupils.

Public education is undergoing a reformation. The future for education means transforming our static industrial age educational model into a system that can capture the diversity and opportunity of the Information Age. That means public education must reconnect with the public – the children it was intended to serve.

Effective education is not about programs and process; it’s about what’s best for your child. Some districts may deal with this dilemma by using both the level of achievement and the results of value-added analysis to identify effective schools. Another response is to assign rewards and sanctions based on value-added analysis as an interim measure until all students are in a position in which it is reasonable to expect them to meet high standards. No doubt other variations and hybrids wait to be developed and tried.

The debate over including student background characteristics in the model is important. More research is needed on how the various models perform. Today, for example, we don’t even know whether different analytic models will identify the same schools as succeeding and failing. Nevertheless, either approach gives us a more accurate measure of the contribution of a school to student learning than we would have if we looked simply at average test scores or at simpler measures of gain.

It is less clear that the models can confidently be used to identify effective and ineffective teachers. Researchers have found that teacher effectiveness (as measured by either type of model) can change a great deal from year to year. This means either that teachers often make major changes in their effectiveness or that the statistics for teacher effectiveness are not accurate. (It could be that the model does not adequately adjust for the presence of disruptive students in a class, for instance.)

Because value-added assessment for individual teachers is imperfect, many believe that it is best used as a diagnostic tool, to identify the teachers that need the most help, rather than as the “high-stakes” basis for rewards and punishments. Others contend that complicated analytical methods that leave so much to statisticians should be abandoned both for schools and for teachers in favor of simpler calculations that can be more readily understood by policymakers, educators, and citizens. Still others are content to let the marketplace decide which schools are effective. Whether these various audiences will prefer a form of analysis that is fairer or one that is more transparent remains to be seen. As the statistical techniques improve and we learn more about the accuracy of different models, though, value-added analysis is sure to become more appealing to states and districts. They can prepare to take advantage of these advances by beginning to gather the data required to make the models work, including regular test scores for all students in core subjects, and creating longitudinal databases that link student test scores over time.

[ad_2]

Source by Jeff C. Palmer

[ad_1]

Compared to a common thermostat a programmed thermostat used in temperature control systems is far more efficient and cheaper as a result of reduced energy costs. A common thermostat is manual you have to manually turn an air conditioner on and off and also the heater. For a programmed thermostat it has memory chips and is computerized and it automatically maintains the temperature of a room. It can be programmed to have different set point temperatures for different times i.e. different temperature for morning, afternoon and weekends and it adjusts automatically. A temperature control system is wired to a heating and cooling system and uses linear, logic, on and off among other control systems.

On and off control systems are the cheapest and easiest to apply. They have a programmed thermostat and when temperature goes above the set point the air conditioner is automatically switched on. When temperature subsequently falls below the set point the air conditioner is switched off and the heater on. They are less costly to operate but have costs of wear and tear of temperature control valves. In linear control systems the set point is regulated by a control loop made up of control algorithms (PID variables.), sensors and actuators. The set point is regulated by manipulation of the Measuring variable (M.V.) to reduce the error and generate negative feedback. The control loop of the PID system makes use of feedback loops. These loops can be embedded by micro controllers in a computer system. Open loop systems do not make use of feedback. Logic control systems are constructed with micro controllers or programmable logic devices. They are easily designed but can handle complex systems. They are used to sequence mechanical operations in elevators, washing machines and other systems.

Watlow Company is involved in developing temperature control systems especially for plastic manufacturers. For industries whose operation requires highly engineered resins and tight tolerances, Watlow’s MI band heaters provide exceptional heat transfer, high watt densities and prolonged heater life. This band saves $ 0.04 per Kilowatt hour. Watlow also provides high watt density; high temperatures barrel heaters, cable heaters, power controllers, hot runner nozzle heaters and cartridge heaters. Watlow temperature controller systems also include temperature sensors. These thermocouple temperature sensors deliver precise and accurate temperature measurements. They are type J thermocouple sensors and are in high demand in the plastic industry. The MI strip heaters of Watlow have a high level of performance and durability. They are made by implanting a nickel chromium element wire in Watlow’s exclusive mineral insulation.

In a Vehicle there is a heating and air conditioning control system. It has a compressor clutch cycle for controlling the temperatures inside the car it also has automated temperature controls (ATC). When the temperatures are below ambient the ATC sensor produces a control signal which shuts off the compressor and places the system in heating mode. Finally Ray Stucker, Director of Tricools temperature control products once said that selecting the right temperature control systems can boast productivity and save energy and money. Take time to ensure you select the best systems.

[ad_2]

Source by Gavin Cruise

[ad_1]

With the increasing number of aged and disabled persons in the United States, the need for accessibility products including residential elevators are on the rise. Having a mobility product installed on your premises is not a difficult proposition anymore, as all major accessibility equipment manufacturers are now offering their residential mobility products at highly affordable rates. Savaria Concord is a pioneer in the accessibility products manufacturing industry, having a wide range of products for both residential and commercial requirements. For clients who are looking for an affordable and efficient residential elevator, Savaria Concord Eclipse Elevator is the ideal choice.

This accessibility equipment from them is easy to install and maintain as no costly modifications are required to be made at your home or premises. As the unit does not require separate room for machine installations, the space requirements are also less. All Savaria Concord Eclipse elevators are built with highly durable components which are the same used in commercial accessibility equipments. So these are capable of ensuring a smooth and comfortable ride for years. Savaria Concord’s Eclipse elevators come with lots of standard features and specifications and some of these include:

o Automatic 2HP-geared roller chain variable frequency drive

o Optional load carrying capacity of 750 lbs, 950 lbs and 1000 lbs

o Rated speed of 40 feet per minute

o Energy efficient variable speed motor drive

o Door interlocks

o Green drive energy return system

o Emergency cab lights

All Savaria Concord Eclipse elevators possess the latest safety features for ensuring a trouble-free ride. The safety features provided include battery powered emergency landing and manual lowering hand crank to tackle situations when the regular power supply has failed. The slack chain brake system also adds to the high level of safety in the Eclipse elevator.

This mobility product has a wide range of customization options to suit varying interior decors of traditional and modern homes. Customers have the choice of selecting their favorite cab styles and required sizes from various collections available.

All Savaria Concord Eclipse elevators are given a 36 months limited warranty for repairs and replacements of defective parts. With authorized accessibility equipment service centers and company trained technicians operating throughout the US, all servicing and maintenance jobs for the Savaria Concord Eclipse elevator are being provided in a professional and time-bound manner.

Considering the various value-added features, we can see that the Savaria Concord is the best suited model for residential use. Apart from providing total freedom of movement to the disabled and the aged, having these mobility products installed in your home can also add to the resale value of your home.

[ad_2]

Source by Anthony Robbins R

[ad_1]

Immersion mixers are very useful pieces of catering equipment because of their small size and versatility. Many chefs enjoy using immersion mixers because it makes their food preparation an easier task. The Micromix Power Mixer is a unit that is convenient to use in any kitchen. Let’s take a look at the benefits and features of this catering equipment.

The Micromix Power Mixer is a lightweight unit that weighs only 1.4 kilograms and is only 43 centimetres long. This makes it easy to handle and to use when blending or mixing. It is great for mixing vegetables, blending soup or smoothing sauces directly in the pot. Consequently, you don’t need to remove the contents from the pot, place it in a blender to mix it then back into the pot. This saves you time and energy. Plus you have fewer dishes to wash. It is also great with pureeing vegetables for babies who are introduced to solid foods.

This particular unit has a stainless steel knife, bell and tube which makes it a hygienic piece of catering equipment. Stainless steel is a material that can be easily cleaned and maintained, which is ideal for any kitchen set up. This material is also long lasting and durable so you are assured that it will maintain its form for a number of years.

The Micromix Power Mixer has a removable foot and knife which is a unique feature for this type of catering equipment. In fact, Robot Coupe, the manufacturer of this catering equipment, has patented this system. In addition the foot is equipped with a three level water tight system. Therefore no liquid will enter the unit although it is submerged in a liquid while it is busy mixing or blending.

It is manufactured with an MP240 combi metal gearbox which gives it a better ability when processing pan cakes or fresh mashed potatoes. It has a single phase power output of 220 to 240 volts and a variable speed of 1500 to 14000 RPM. It is a powerful unit despite its small stature. It is made for daily use so you can rest assured that it won’t cut out while you are blending soup.

The Micromix Power Mixer is a formidable piece of catering equipment that has unique and interesting features in addition to being ergonomically designed and aesthetically pleasing. For chefs, it makes the task of blending and mixing an easy and quick one; and that is a very attractive quality in any type of catering equipment.

[ad_2]

Source by Stana Peete

[ad_1]

A MAJOR shortcut and time-saver for watering emu chicks

The best method is to use a small gravity controlled waterer. These are available online. To work properly, it will need to have a consistent pressure. Most systems do not provide a consistent water pressure. To insure this, use a pressure regulator (variable) set on about 20 pounds of pressure. This is well below any normal pressure, yet plenty to operate your waterers. This insures your chicks don’t run out of fresh, clean water and they only need to be cleaned every three days or so.

Emu chicks require a LOT of water and without a system to provide it, YOU will need to check water several times a day AND they will need to be cleaned several times a day. Emu chicks make a huge mess with regular floor-level waterers. A gravity controlled waterer is the best system by far. It is easy and inexpensive to build a PVC stand for the waterer to hang from and you can use just about any configuration as long as the waterer hangs an inch or so off the floor.

A MAJOR shortcut and time-saver for watering adult emus

All outdoor water systems need to be 100% underground. Black poly pipe is best to use, it’s long lasting, economical, and durable. Wherever you need a faucet, install a plastic water-meter box with a plastic faucet inside. Be sure the faucet isn’t in the middle of the box, but on one end to allow room for connecting a water hose. The box should be left about two inches above ground level.

Drill a 1½ “hole in one end and run a hose through it to the faucet. Your waterers can be plastic tubs with a float that attaches to the side. The tub needs to sit on a stand of some sort to keep the birds from getting in it. Anything will do. Treated 2″ x 4″s work best. Just make four legs about 14” long with a couple of braces on top for the tub to rest on.

Now, you have water available to connect to a waterer and it can be moved. Emus make a mess around waterers and this allows you to move them.

A MAJOR Necessity Is a Water System Backup

Adult emus require a lot of water. If you are on a public system, it needs to be dependable. Depending on how many emus you have, a backup water system could be necessary. Our main watering system for the emus at Emu Oil Depot is a well from our lake. Our backup watering system is from our regular well.

The main watering system from the lake requires everything a normal water well does. It requires a pump, a 220-volt circuit, and a tank. The only difference between this and a regular well is the water supply. One is from the lake and the other is from an underground water table. If your main water system goes out, it isn’t possible to water a lot of emus without a backup of some kind so be sure you’re prepared!

Again, shortcuts make it better for you the rancher AND the birds!

[ad_2]

Source by Ray Magness

[ad_1]

For every Forex trader a successful trading depends on certain variables. It can be the trader’s skill level, the schedule formulation of the currencies, the experience level and the quality of the training the trader has undergone. However there is one variable that seem to be overlooked when people have assessed the overall strategy for trading. There are many traders who already lost the game much before than they have executed their strategies. It is all in the human mind. The psychology of a trader is the most important and many a times has been overlooked by traders, trainers and experts.

Once a Forex trader has the right frame of mind, they are a way ahead of other traders and seem to win trades consistently. However, the problem lies in understanding and learning on how to develop the right mental attitude for trade. Therefore, apart from the learning the techniques and fundamentals of trading, developing he right psychology is most important than anything else.

Check these out.

9 out of 10 people are looking for quick profits; rather they are looking for shortcuts. But in Forex millions of people trade but only number of people earns the biggies because they know the right approach towards the market. Start trading with a mentality that you are at a four year university and here you will not be expected to gush out all learning from schooling within 120 minutes. Therefore go slow and let the opportunities come your way. However, according to experts building a mentality for learning is the best way to approach Forex trading.

[ad_2]

Source by Mark Crisp

[ad_1]

Hit the weights hard! You’ve gotten this advice over and over-it’s been drilled into your head. But even after putting in hour after hour at the gym you have little to show for your efforts. What the heck is wrong? “Is my form bad?” you ask. “Am I training hard enough?” “Am I training too hard?”

Unfortunately, this scenario is all too common. To determine what is wrong we have to look at all aspects of our training. How many sets are we doing for each muscle group? Which exercises are we using in our training? Are we overtraining? Or could it be that our muscles and central nervous system (CNS) have become used to all of the training we have been doing and now refuse to add even an ounce of new muscle to our physique?

The fact is our bodies are incredibly skillful at adapting to the training stimulus that we subject them to. This is because our ancestors hunted for their food and exhausted themselves physically to survive or they would have starved. While weight training we subject our bodies to a similar stress. So it goes without saying we are destined to hit a sticking point if we train the same way week in and week out. We need to change things up to continue to improve. One of the ways to do this is to modify the intensity of effort and volume of our training.

If your training is the high volume variety, try increasing the intensity and trimming the amount of sets. For example, if your arm routine consists of 15 sets each for biceps and triceps, stopping all sets 2 reps before failure, reduce the sets to 8 and end all sets 1 rep before failure. Do this for four weeks then change things up by ending all sets at failure using a set count of 2-3 per muscle group. This cyclical training changes the intensity of effort and volume of training to prevent the body from becoming acclimated to the current training demands. The best gains in muscle size and strength will come at the higher intensity phases because of the higher demands placed on the muscles.

The Formula For Successful Bodybuilding

The formula that is the basis of the strategy in this article states: The higher the intensity of effort the lower the volume. As a bodybuilder increases his/her intensity of effort through “To Failure Training” or HIT variables, the less sets are needed to maximize gains and prevent overtraining. Conversely the opposite is true, if the intensity is decreased the volume, or set count should be increased slightly.

Failure To Improve When Over-training Is Not The Culprit

If you haven’t been making the progress you feel you should be and have determined that over-training isn’t the culprit, there are a number of other reasons for the lack of results you’ve been experiencing. They are:

Age (can no longer improve; focus on maintenance or slow regression)

Genetics (reached a peak; can no longer improve in muscle size or strength)

Over-adaptation (mentally bored; lack of motivation; physically adapted to stimulus) Previous Demands (each set performed diminishes subsequent workout capacity) Insufficient Demands (lack of stimulus -i.e., intensity, sets, or frequency to cause a sufficient alarm reaction)

Pay attention to what your body tells you and keep a realistic set of goals. It could be that you have attained all of the muscle size and strength your body is capable of.

Wrong Selection of Training Routines

Many of us attempt to follow top champion bodybuilders’ routines because we feel since they have achieved much success in the sport by training using these routines we should use them too. The truth of the matter is many of these routines are not what the bodybuilder is actually using. They appear in articles meant to impress the reader with the bodybuilder and to further his career.

These bodybuilders are using chemical-enhancement, that is steroids, human growth hormone, insulin and other anabolic drugs. These drugs allow the champion to over train on a regular basis because they increase the body’s recuperative abilities and cause positive nitrogen balance, causing the muscles to rapidly grow. Unfortunately they also lead to many health problems such as heart disease, kidney failure and cancer, to name a few.

The ideal training routine is one which is designed around the present conditioning, the recuperative abilities and the goals of the bodybuilder. Remember to design it around the intensity principle outlined above.

Sample Variable Intensity Program For Arms

Phase 1

The first phase is similar to what is done by beginning bodybuilders. Emphasis is placed on form and the learning of proper exercise technique instead of heavy, intense training.

Complete the desired exercises using good form, stopping the set two reps before hitting failure (the point where no more reps are possible).

barbell curls-1×10

concentration curls-1×12

seated palms-facing pull-downs-1×12

standing triceps push-downs-1×12

standing triceps kickbacks-1×12

standing bar dips-1×12

Phase 2

The second phase increases the intensity of effort by ending all sets one rep before failure. We will keep the set count at three each.

machine curls-1×10

seated incline curls-1×12

seated palms-facing pull-downs-1×10

lying triceps extensions-1×10

seated triceps overhead extensions-1×12

close-grip bench presses-1×12

Phase 3

The third phase is where we take all sets to the point of muscular failure. Load the bar or weight machine with a weight that causes you to put all-out effort to complete the desired amount of reps. Don’t stop when you hit your rep count; attempt to grind out more reps. This causes you to overload your muscles and add weight every workout which will lead to additional muscle growth. Since we are increasing the level of intensity we will be reducing the set volume to two sets for both muscles.

concentration curls-1×12

bent over palms-facing barbell rows-1×10

angled-forward cable triceps extensions-1×12

seated machine triceps dips-1×8

Now that I’ve outlined all three phases of this HIT periodization schedule, begin to use it in your training by working with each phase for 3 weeks before progressing to the next one.

Now hit the iron!

[ad_2]

Source by David R Groscup

[ad_1]

The probe station unit has undergone numerous technological advances over the past decade. Researchers now have more options to choose from which is beneficial but can make it difficult to effectively compare unique probe station units prior to purchasing. This tool represents a significant financial investment so it is important to select the best solution for today and tomorrow. Fortunately, focusing on five key characteristics can make the comparison process easier and more accurate.

1. With the growing popularity of cryogenic measurements time-consuming wiring of an on-wafer device is no longer necessary. Today’s platforms allow for visualization and electrical interrogation of multiple wafer level devices. Unfortunately, this comes with a trade-off. Optical access to inflexible probing of a device can transfer heat loads from the probe arm to the device being tested. To minimize this effect, it is essential the probe station unit has some type of shield or other technology to reduce thermal radiation on the sample. Multiple experiments have shown that even the smallest amount of thermal radiation transfer can alter the end results.

2. Another characteristic to compare before purchasing a probe station unit is the ability to make automated variable temperature measurements. Traditionally, probe arms are anchored to the sample stage and the probe tip will move as the sample stage warms. This makes it difficult to automate variable temperature measurements because the probes must be lifted and re-landed for any noticeable temperature transition. The ability to create stable tip position which allows for continuous measurements is critical. Not only does it ensure accuracy but it also provides increased measurement functionality.

3. The sample holders on the probe station unit must be compared as well. Most units offer a variety of sample holders to choose from. Popular options include a grounded sample holder, co-axle sample holder, and isolated sample holder although several additional options are available as well. When comparing units, it is critical to ensure researchers can use the necessary sample holder required to accurately complete their experiment.

4. The probe station units’ vision system is critical to compare before purchasing. This system is responsible for distinguishing characteristics of the sample and properly landing probes. Depending upon the experiment the level of detail provided by the vision system varies. Thus, researchers must consider current experiments as well as future needs when comparing vision systems.

5. The final characteristic to compare before purchasing a probe station unit is overall system versatility. Considering the significant upfront cost, it is imperative researchers make the most out of their unit by selecting an option which allows for successful research utilizing a variety of methods. As more probe station units become customizable or modular overall flexibility and research capabilities continue to expand.

Considering the significant financial investment required to purchase a quality probe station unit it is not surprising how much time and resources are used to accurately compare available options. By focusing on the five key characteristics an accurate comparison can be completed quickly and easily.

[ad_2]

Source by Rosario Berry