Tag: <span>Variable level system</span>

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Webster’s Dictionary (1974) defines resilience as “an ability to recover from or adjust easily to change or misfortune” (p. 596). Although this definition is widely accepted, resilience may be conceptualized as being more than merely bouncing back from setbacks. Resilience may also be the ability to bounce forward in the face of an uncertain future (Walsh, 2004). Resilience has been conceptualized as the forging of strengths through adversity (Wolin & Wolin, 1993). Like the willow tree, people thrive if they have a strong, healthy root system. With branches flexible enough to bend with the storm and firm enough to weather strong winds without breaking, the willow tree can continue to grow despite being twisted into differing shapes. The willow tree may be a metaphor for the resilient individual and resilient family system. Resiliency is critical to mental health and healthy aging.

Bonanno (2004) defined adult resilience as a person’s capacity to resist maladaptation in the face of risky experiences. Bonanno’s individually-based definition of adult resilience assumes that resilience resides in the person, an observation supported by the list of individual attributes that covary with resilient outcomes in Bonanno’s work (hardiness, self-enhancement, repressive coping, and positive emotion.). Importantly, this definition of resilience does not identify the positive outcomes that can result from adversity in the hardy individual. Despite Bonanno’s (2004) narrow definition, his analysis includes an interesting finding that loss and brief traumatic experiences, despite being aversive and difficult to accept, are normatively not sufficient to overwhelm the adaptive resources of ordinary adults. Bonanno’s research calls into question the research of Sameroff, Bartko, Baldwin, Baldwin, and Seifer (1998), which demonstrated in longitudinal analyses that as levels of adversity rise, and as resources fall, resilience becomes less tenable.

Rutter (1985) observed that strong self-esteem and self-efficacy make successful coping more likely, whereas a sense of helplessness increases the likelihood that one crisis will lead to another. In a similar vein, Kobasa’s (1985) research findings supported his hypothesis that people with resilience possess three general traits: (1.) the belief that they can influence or control events in their lives; (2.) an ability to feel deeply committed and involved in activities in their lives; and (3.) a tendency to embrace change as an opportunity to grow and develop more fully. Thus, resilient children are more likely to have an inner locus of control (Seligman, 1990), or an optimistic belief that they can positively impact their fate.

Dugan and Coles (1989) suggest that individuals prevail over adversity more effectively if they have moral and spiritual resources. In a phenomenological study of nine subjects who had experienced such traumas as life in a concentration camp, disability, breast cancer, massive head injury, a life of violence and abuse, and loss of a child, Rose (1997) identified similar themes of resilience which emerged from individual interviews: the role of supportive others, empathy, self-care, faith, action orientation, moving on, positive outlook, and persistence. Rose identifies the foundational structure of resilience as faith, self-respect, striving, supportive others, coping, empathy, self-reliance, and moving on.

Closer scrutiny of children and families that are at risk reveals many exceptions to the “damage model” of development, which considers stress or disadvantage as predictive of dysfunction. For example, Werner and Smith (1992) conducted an extensive longitudinal study of almost a half a century of children from Kuai. The researchers found that in spite of early medical distress, poverty, school difficulties, teen pregnancy, or arrest, children were able to learn and persevere through difficulty, given adequate supports. In their analysis of how these impoverished children matured successfully, Vaillant (2002) notes that Werner and Smith emphasized, “. . . the importance of being a ‘cuddly’ child and of being a child who elicits predominantly positive responses from the environment and who manifests great skill at recruiting substitute parents” (p. 285). Werner and Smith point out that key turning points for most of these troubled individuals were meeting a caring friend and marrying an accepting spouse. It is also salient that Werner and Smith found that more girls than boys overcame adversity at all age levels. Walsh (2004) speculates that this finding reflects the notion that “. . . girls are raised to be both more easygoing and more relationally-oriented, whereas boys are taught to be tough and self-reliant through life. . . [and] often because of troubled family lives, competencies were built when early responsibilities were assumed for household tasks and care of younger siblings” (pp. 13-14). Werner and Smith’s study is especially important in reminding clinicians that early life experiences do not necessarily guarantee significant problems in later life. Walsh (2004) suggests that their most significant finding is that resilience can be developed at any point over the course of the life cycle. Walsh extrapolates from Werner and Smith’s research that “. . . unexpected events and new relationships can disrupt a negative chain and catalyze new growth” (p. 14). Favorable interactions with individuals, families and their environments have a systemic effect of moving resilience in upward spirals, and a downward spiral can be reversed at any time in life (Walsh, 2004).

Felsman and Vaillant (1987) followed the lives of 75 males living in impoverished, socially disadvantaged families. People who suffered from substance abuse, mental illness, crime and violence parented these men. Several of these men, although scarred by their childhoods, lived brave lives and became high functioning adults. Felsman and Vaillant concluded, “The events that go wrong in our lives do not forever damn us” (1987, p. 298).

Another study refuting the accuracy of the “damage model” is Kaufman and Zigler’s (1987) finding that most survivors of childhood abuse do not go on to abuse their own children. Similarly, other research found that children of mentally ill parents or dysfunctional families have been able to prevail over early experiences of abuse or neglect to lead productive lives (Anthony, 1987; Cohler, 1987; Garmezy, 1987).

Werner (1995) identified clusters of protective factors that have emerged as recurrent themes in the lives of children who overcame great odds. The protective factors that were characteristic of the individual were myriad. Resilient youngsters are engaging to other people. Additionally, they excel in problem-solving skills and display effective communication skills. Problem solving skills included the ability to recruit substitute caregivers. Moreover, they have a talent or hobby valued by their elders or peers. Finally, they have faith that their own actions can make a positive difference in their lives.

From a developmental perspective, Werner (1995) emphasizes that having affectional ties that encourage trust, autonomy, and initiative enhances resilience. Members of the extended family or support systems in the community frequently provide these ties. These support systems reinforce and reward the competencies of resilient children and provide them with positive role models. Such supports may include caring neighbors, clergy, teachers, and peers.

In Vaillant’s (2002) Study of Adult Development at Harvard University, arguably the longest longitudinal study on aging in the world, it is suggested that resiliency researchers who focus on risk factors and pathology are mistaken in believing that misfortune condemns disadvantaged children to bleak futures. Instead, Vaillant calls upon clinicians to count up the positive and the protective factors when conducting assessments. Vaillant cites Sir Michael Rutter (1985), who reminds clinicians, “The notion that adverse experiences lead to lasting damage to personality ‘structure’ has very little empirical support” (p. 598).

Vaillant (2002) identifies four protective factors in the individual’s potential to age well. A future orientation, a capacity for gratitude and forgiveness, a capacity to love and to hold the other empathically, and the desire do things with people instead of to people are personal qualities identified as resiliency factors. He posits that “. . . marriage is not only important to healthy aging, it is often the cornerstone of adult resilience” (p. 291).

Furthermore, Vaillant (2002) describes resilience as being a combination of nature and nurture. Both genes and environment play crucial roles. He explains, “On one hand, our ability to feel safe enough to deploy adaptive defenses like humor and altruism is facilitated by our being among loving friends. On the other hand, our ability to appear so attractive to others that they will love us is very much dependent upon the genetic capacity that made some of us ‘easy’ attractive babies” (p. 285).

An essential part of resilience is “. . . the ability to find the loving and health-giving individuals within one’s social matrix wherever they may be” (Vaillant, 2002, p. 286). Thus, like Werner and Smith (1992), Vaillant’s research identified extended families and friendship networks as key foundations to resilience in the individual and the family system.

American culture glorifies the “rugged individual.” John Wayne, the personification of masculinity and strength, has been adored by generations of Americans as a hero. However, there is an inherent danger in the myth of rugged individualism, which implies that vulnerability and emotional interdependence are weak and dysfunctional (Walsh, 2004). As Felsman and Vaillant (1987) note, “The term ‘invulnerability’ is antithetical to the human condition. . . In bearing witness to the resilient behavior of high-risk children everywhere, a truer effort would be to understand, in form and by degree, the shared human qualities at work” (p. 304). Avoidance of personal suffering and the glorification of stoicism are hallmarks of American culture. Such cultural attitudes are typified by the call to “move on,” to “cheer up,” to get over catastrophic events, to put national and global tragedies behind us, or to rebound (Walsh, 2004). Higgins (1994) notes that struggling well involves experiencing both suffering and courage, effectively processing and working through challenges from intrapersonal and interpersonal perspectives. In Higgin’s study of resilient adults, it became clear that they became stronger because they were severely tested, endured suffering, and developed new strengths as a result of their trials. These adults experienced their lives more deeply and passionately. Walsh (2004) observes that over fifty per cent of the resilient individuals studied by Higgins were therapists. Egeland, B. R., Carlson, E. and Sroufe (1993) offer an alternative approach to thinking about resilience as “. . . a family of processes that scaffold successful adaptation in the context of adversity” (p. 517).

Important research conducted by Wolin and Wolin (1993) points toward the notion that although some children are born with innate resiliencies, resiliency can be modeled, taught, and increased. They emphasize that persons tend to seek healing from pain instead of holding on to bitterness. The researchers note that the resilient person draws lessons from experience instead of repeating mistakes, and that they maintain openness and spontaneity in their relationships rather than becoming rigid or bitter in interaction. Wolin and Wolin also found that resiliency in individuals is strongly correlated with humor and creativity, as well as mental and physical health. The Wolins identify seven traits of adults who survived a troubled childhood: insight (awareness of dysfunction), independence (distancing self from troubles), relationships (supportive connections with others), initiative (self/other-help actions), creativity (self-expression, transformation), humor (reframing in a less threatening way), and morality (justice and compassion rather than revenge). Traits are viewed as dynamic processes by which resilient individuals adapt to and grow through challenge, rather than static properties that automatically protect the invulnerable. These observations are correlated with empirical studies of resilient children (Baldwin, Baldwin, & Cole, 1990; Bernard, 1991; Garbarino, 1992; Masten, Best, & Garmezy, 1990; Werner & Smith, 1992) and adults (Klohnen, Vandewater, and Young, 1996, Vaillant, 2002).

Walsh (2004) asserts, “In the field of mental health, most clinical theory, training, practice, and research have been overwhelmingly deficit-focused, implicating the family in the cause or maintenance of nearly all problems in individual functioning. Under early psychoanalytic assumptions of destructive maternal bonds, the family came to be seen as a noxious influence. Even the early family systems formulations focused on dysfunctional family processes well in the mid-1980’s” (p. 15).

The popularity of the Adult Children of Alcoholics Movement surged in the late twentieth century and encouraged people to blame their families for their problems. This movement tempted the individual to make excuses for his behavior in terms of his dysfunctional family history instead of looking for family strengths that might help him/her overcome challenge and become stronger. Adult Children of Alcoholics “. . . spend much of their time other-focused, and it is easy for them to become preoccupied with another group member’s problem, take responsibility for it, and avoid the painful job of self-examination and taking responsibility for their own behavior” (Lawson & Lawson, 1998, p. 263).

In contrast to this damage model, the Wolins offered an alternative way to view challenging family backgrounds: a Challenge Model to build resilience, stating that “. . . the capacity for self-repair in adult children of alcoholics taught [them] that strength can emerge from adversity” (p. 15). The Wolins reflect a paradigm shift in recent years, as family systems therapists have started to focus upon a competence-based, strength-oriented approach (Barnard, 1994; Walsh, 1993, 1995a). A family resilience approach builds on recent research, empowering therapists to move away from deficit and focus upon ways that families can be challenged to grow stronger from adversity (Walsh, 2004). From the perspective of the Challenge Model, stressors can become potential springboards for increased competence, as long as the level of stress is not too high (Wolin & Wolin, 1993). Walsh notes, “The Chinese symbol for the word ‘crisis’ is a composite of two pictographs: the symbols for ‘danger’ and ‘opportunity'” (p. 7). Wolin and Wolin (1993) observe that we may not wish for adversity, but the paradox of resilience is that our worst times can also become our best.

It is clear that the extensive research on resilient individuals largely points toward the social nature of resilience. However, most resiliency theory has approached the systemic context of resilience tangentially, in terms of the influence of a single, important person, such as a parent or caregiver (Bowlby, 1988). Looking at resilient family functioning through a systemic lens calls upon the clinician to view individual resilience as being embedded in family process and mutual influence (Walsh, 2004). Walsh suggests that if “. . . researchers and clinicians adopt a broader perspective beyond a dyadic bond and early relationships, [they] become aware that resilience is woven in a web of relationships and experiences over the course of the life cycle and across the generations” (p. 12).

It has only been in the last twenty five years or so that families that cope well under stress have been the subject of research (Stinnet & DeFrain, 1985; Stinnett, Knorr, DeFrain, & Rowe, 1981). A growing body of knowledge has pointed toward the multidimensional nature of family processes that distinguish adaptive family systems from maladaptive family systems (Walsh, 2004). Walsh (2004) defines “family resilience” as “. . . the coping and adaptational processes in the family as a functional unit,” [and adds that]. . . a systems perspective enables us to understand how family processes mediate stress and enable families to surmount crisis and weather prolonged hardship” (p. 14). Strong families create a climate of optimism, resourcefulness, and nurturance which mirrors the traits of resilient individuals (Walsh, 2004). In fact, research on family adaptation and on family strengths suggests the following traits of resilient families: commitment, cohesion, adaptability, communication, spirituality, effective resource management, and coherence (Abbott, et al., 1990; Antonovsky, 1987; Beavers & Hampson, 1990; Moos & Moos, 1976; Olson, Russell, & Sprenkle, 1989; Reiss, 1981; Stinnett, et al., 1982). Walsh observes, “. . . a family resilience lens fundamentally alters our perspective by enabling us to recognize, affirm, and build upon family resources” (Walsh, 2004, p. viii). Rutter’s (1987) research added further confirmation that resilience is fostered in family interactions through a chain of indirect influences that inoculate family members against long-term damage from stressful events. It is essential to consider family resilience as a major variable in a family’s ability to cope and adapt in the face of stress (McCubbin, McCubbin, McCubbin, & Futrell, 1995).

Bennett, Wolin, and Reiss (1988) concluded from their research that children who grew up in alcoholic families that deliberately planned and executed family rituals, valued relationships, and preferred roles were less likely to exhibit behavior or emotional problems. They argue that families with serious problems, such as parental alcoholism, which can still impose control over those parts of family life that are central to the family’s identity, communicate important messages to their children regarding their ability to take control of present and future life events. These messages can determine the extent to which the children are protected from developing future problems, including alcoholism in adolescence and adulthood.

Patterson (1983) asserts that it is only to the extent that stressors interrupt important family processes that children are impacted. However, from a systemic perspective, it is not only the child who is vulnerable or resilient; most salient is how the family system influences eventual adjustment (Walsh, 2004). Even those family members who are not directly touched by a crisis are profoundly affected by the family response, with reverberations for all other relationships (Bowen, 1978). Following from these ideas, it is clear that “Slings and arrows of misfortune strike us all, in varying ways and times over each family’s life course. What distinguishes healthy families is not the absence of problems, but rather their coping and problem-solving abilities” (Walsh, 2004, p. 15).

From an ecological perspective, Rutter (1987) suggests that it is not enough to take into account the sphere of the family as influencing risk and resilience in the individual and family life cycles. He emphasizes that it is also incumbent upon therapists to assess the interplay between families and the political, social, economic, and social climates in which people either thrive or perish. Rutter’s findings suggest that it is insufficient to focus exclusively on bolstering at-risk individuals and families, but there must also be public policy efforts to change the odds against them.

In the twenty first century, it is apparent that the configuration of the family is shifting. Diverse forms of family systems do not inherently damage children (Walsh, 2004). Walsh emphasizes, “It is not family form, but rather family processes, that matter most for healthy functioning and resilience” (p. 16).

One family process that governs how a family responds to a new situation is the way in which shared beliefs shape and reinforce communication patterns (Reiss, 1981). Hadley and his colleagues (1974) found that a disruptive transition or crisis could potentiate a major shift in the family belief system, with both immediate and long-term effects on reorganization and adaptation. Additionally, Carter and McGoldrick (1999) suggest that how a family perceives a stressful situation intersects with legacies of previous crises in the multigenerational system to influence the meaning the family makes of the adversity and its response to it.

Walsh (2004) asserts, “A cluster of two or more concurrent stresses complicates adaptation as family members struggle with competing demands, and emotions can easily spill over into conflict. . . . Over time, a pileup of stressors, losses, and dislocations can overwhelm a family’s coping efforts, contributing to family strife, substance abuse, and emotional or behavioral symptoms of distress (often expressed by children in the family)” (p. 21). Figley (1989) noted that catastrophic events that occur suddenly and without warning can be particularly traumatic. Bowen (1978) suggested that shock wave effects of a trauma might reverberate through the system and extend forward into multiple generations. Thus, Walsh (2004) calls upon therapists to take a systemic approach to intervention in the face of crisis, with interventions that “. . . strengthen key interactional processes that foster healing, recovery, and resilience, enabling the family and its members to integrate the experience and move on with life” (p. 22).

To understand resilience, one must also look through a developmental lens (Carter & McGoldrick, 1999). Neugarten (1976) found that stressful life events are more apt to cause maladaptive functioning when they are unexpected. Also, multiple stressors create cumulative effects, and chronic severe conditions are more likely to affect functioning adversely. However, Cohler (1987) and Vaillant’s (1995) research found that the role of early life experience in determining adult capacity to overcome adversity is less important than was previously believed. Thus, discontinuity and long-term perspectives on the individual and family life cycle point toward the idea that people are constantly “becoming” and have life courses that are flexible and multidetermined (Falicov, 1988). Furthermore, Walsh (2004) suggests that “. . . an adaptation that serves well at one point in development may later not be useful in meeting other challenges” (p. 13). Research has pointed toward a greater risk in vulnerability for boys in childhood and for girls in adolescence (Elder, Caspi, & Nguyen, 1985; Werner & Smith, 1982). All these variables highlight the dynamic nature of resilience over time.

In the field of family therapy, it is incumbent upon researchers and practitioners to recognize that successful treatment depends as much on the resources of the family as on the resources of the individual or the skills of the clinician (Karpel, 1986; Minuchin, 1992). Family processes can influence the aftermath of many traumatic events, reverberating into the course of the lives of people in future generations. Individual resilience must be understood and nurtured in the context of the family and vice-versa. Both immediate crisis and chronic stressors affect the entire family and all its members, posing threats not only to the individual, but also for relational conflict and family breakdown in current and future generations. Family processes may mediate the impact of crisis on all members and their relationships. Protective processes build resilience by promoting recovery and buffering stress. Indeed, healthy family processes influence the effects of present and future crises far into the future (Bowen, 1978; Kerr & Bowen, 1988). Since all families and their members have the potential to become more resilient, family therapists should work to maximize that potential by strengthening key processes within the individual and within the system.

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Baldwin, A. L., Baldwin, C., & Cole, R. E. (1990). Stress-resistant families and stress-resistant children. In J. Rolf, A. S. Mastern, D. Chichetti, K. H. Neuchterlein, and S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 257-280). New York: Cambridge University Press.

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Source by Dr. Barbara Cunningham

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There are two types of relations between two variables, i-e the direct and indirect relation. The relation between education and school is direct because literacy rate can be augmented by the increasing numbers of school. This bond between school and education is so ancient that we do not find an exact date of its origin. However, its traces can be seen in the countries like ancient Greece, Rome, and China.

Regional usage of the word ‘school’

The application of the word ‘school’ varies from a country to a country. In the United Kingdom, this word refers principally to pre-university institutions, and they can be divided into pre-schools or nursery schools, primary schools, and secondary schools.

It is of less importance that at which level your child is studying, either he is at the primary or the secondary level. The essential part is that the institute, in which he studies, provides him/her the standard quality of education. This is because only right guidance at right age gives one the firm foundation, necessary for his growth and development.

The quality of the UK school and education

The quality of the UK schools is among the best in the world. The prep school, public, private and primary schools have proven that their courses meet strict criteria and now we see that the other countries, especially the third-world countries are also trying to follow the pattern of the UK schools. Why is it so? This is because they provide the effervescent, creative and challenging environment to the pupil so that they can give full vent to their ability and potential.

The education system in the UK is also divided into “key stages” which are as follows: key stage 1 – 5 to 7 years old, key stage 2 – 7 to 11 years old, key stage 3 – 11 to 14 years old, key stage 4 – 14 to 16 years old. The primary education starts at the age of 5, sometimes this stage of education is further split into two levels, i-e infant/nursery schools and junior schools. Next is the secondary education, which takes in the subsequent level of education between the age group of 11-16 years. Then further education and higher education begin at the age of 18 at colleges or universities.

The payback of the dispersal of education

Though, the benefits of education are innumerable but some are cited below;

• Education directs one how to think and what to think.
• It inflames the mind of young ones with intellect and wisdom.
• Enhance the quality of understanding, which later helps and guides oneself to the right choice of the profession.
• Education or knowledge plays an important role in the infusion of civilization in the society.
• It propagates sophisticated and cultured behaviour in a being.

Put briefly, the purposely end of the education is to wipe out ignorance and immorality from the world and emancipate the human mind with its full velocity and vastness.

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Source by Basilisk T

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Mike Mentzer developed and practiced the most popular form of H.I.T. training to date. Dorian Yates used it to win six olympia titles throughout the 90’s. Two of the most densely muscular, and strongest bodybuilders of all time achieved their success through this often overlooked training system.

The fundamental principles of High Intensity Training (H.I.T.) are that exercise sessions should be brief, infrequent and intense. Exercises performed with a high level of effort or intensity are thought to stimulate the body to increase in muscularity and size. There is a great emphasis on rest and recovery more so than in any other training method out there.

In the weight room, a high level of intensity for example is performing an exercise to the point of muscular failure. After reaching muscular failure you increase the intensity even further by performing three to five post fatigue repetitions. Increasing weight, decreasing reps, and increasing the number of body parts trained in one session are all a big part of what High Intensity Training (H.I.T.) is all about.

A period of 48 to 72 hours is necessary for muscle tissue to properly recover from high intensity strength training. So train only two to three times a week when using H.I.T.. Performing any more than three sessions a week can become counter productive due to catabolic results.

There are a large number of skeptics who dispute the methods and the results claimed by advocates of High Intensity Training. Mike Mentzers H.I.T. design was thought to be so brief and intense that it could only be used and applied to professional bodybuilding at its highest levels, but practical application has proven this false.

With hundreds of “everyday” practitioners getting better results than they had ever before using traditional methods of training, many believe that the High Intensity Training methods lead to chronic injury, fatigue, loss of appetite, increased muscle and joint pain, insomnia, and the list seems to go on. Dorian Yates himself was plagued by near career ending injuries throughout his reign as Mr.O.

Since H.I.T. is a proven system of training for building muscle, easy to implement, and time saving, why is it that people find it difficult to break from traditional training methods and mindsets that preach massive amounts of workout volume and backbreaking work over the H.I.T. mentality which is short, sharp sessions with only a handful of sets and exercises?

There are several factors, not in the least, being misinformation and training attitude. So, for most of us training , with average genetics, and no performance enhancing drugs, it would be a worthwhile test to try a training cycle where you train less often and more intensely.

It’s quite possible that trying a totally different style of training may stimulate brand new results and muscle gains that can help to break you out of your plateau.

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Source by Maureen Kurman

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Dot NET and PHP are two different web development platforms used for the design of dynamic web pages with database support. As an integrated development environment (IDE), PHP currently leads the market, but the choice between PHP and Microsoft’s .NET comes down to the user’s needs, budget, existing software infrastructure, and expertise.

A significant part of PHP’s dominance comes from its open-source (free) availability. .NET requires a license, though Microsoft has made free – albeit limited – versions available for download. As with any open-source product, users must seek support through third parties. The higher cost of .NET also brings full support and documentation, perhaps making it more attractive to neophyte web designers who prefer having a phone number to call when encountering a problem. .NET also possesses the built-in reporting tools most users have come to expect from Microsoft products.

Generally speaking, PHP enjoys more flexibility and customizability than its rival. PHP offers compatibility across divergent operating systems and platforms, while Microsoft offers support for .NET only under the Windows Server operating system. PHP works with a broader array of databases than .NET; the former supports most notable databases on the market, while the latter functions only Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Object Linking and Embedding-Database (OLE-DB), and Open Database Connectivity (ODBC). The exception to PHP’s customization dominance stems in .NET’s support for over 25 programming languages including Visual Basic .NET and C#; PHP supports only C, C++, and some object-oriented programming concepts.

Some programmers want their IDE to emphasize tools and plug-ins over coding and syntax, and .NET takes the edge in this area. Microsoft’s Visual Studio IDE allows programmers to efficiently and quickly explore their code, taking the emphasis away from coding and placing it more on design and development. PHP does, in fact, receive IDE support from various third-party vendors, but Visual Studio benefits from Microsoft’s standardized development environment.

Likewise, .NET simplifies the onerous task of debugging with the inclusion of detailed tracing and environment information, debugging of pages while executing, and built-in reporting tools such as SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS). Again, PHP’s open-source nature doesn’t lend itself to a unified support system; web designers must instead rely on third-party products of variable quality.

In short, .NET sacrifices versatility for relative ease of use, while PHP requires intensive third-party application to achieve the same level of user-friendliness. Those intimate with web design and development might well prefer PHP’s free cost and flexibility over .NET’s licensing fees and more structured approach. Though the “PHP community” is dedicated and knowledgeable, some web designers might not care for the additional hassle of developing ties with it and therefore will gravitate toward .NET’s more extensive support community.

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Source by Chandra Heitzman

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Our solar system hurtles through the universe, spinning and turning with the precision and timing of a fine watch. The biosphere of our planet is perfect, able to forever sustain all life in perfect balance and harmony while requiring the addition of nothing other than sunlight. The ‘simplest’ form of life is represented by a one-celled bacteria, acknowledged to be many times more complex than the most complex thing ever created by man. However, the living cell also possesses the miraculous capability of self-reproduction! The human body is comprised of at least twenty trillion cells (20,000,000,000,000), each of which is more complex than a bacterium. Shortly after the human female egg is fertilized it begins producing cells. Somehow, each one of those cells immediately knows where to go and how to begin functioning in combination with other cells in the formation of a greater sub-system, and each sub-system understands how to interact with and begin coordinating with many other systems. Hundreds of millions of cells begin forming into what will eventually become the optic nerve, which is actually an optics and electrical communications bus of fantastic complexity and refinement that allows the brain to process optical data and interpret and regulate functions of vision. In fact, the human eye with its complementary systems is infinitely more complex and refined than the most advanced video camera, and just the lens of the eye represents a level of achievement in optical science that far surpasses the multi-tiered optical systems of the most advanced telescopes. Other processes begin that somehow lead the direction of calcium and mineral carrier cells in the construction of thousands of different, complex designs of bone and tooth formations of varying densities and consistencies. Some have enamel layering depending on function, and others mobile connecting joints with built-in permanent lubrication systems along with blood producing factories located within bone cores that represent nothing less than wonders of technological design. All the while this intelligently guided planning is being organized and inter-coordinated with other processes resulting in the creation of nerve, hormonal, glandular, digestive, lymphatic, pulmonary, muscular, auditory, cardio-circulatory and olfactory systems, sub-systems and organs that reflect a truly incomprehensible degree of complexity, intricacy and engineering mastery. The human brain is by far the most complex thing in the universe. With the tremendous advancements in knowledge gained in recent years as to how the brain functions and what it does, scientists will affirm that using presently available computer technology they could not duplicate the human brain’s processing power or data storage capacity even if they could construct a computer the size of the planet earth! (The fastest, most powerful super-computing arrays yet developed by IBM and NEC have processing speeds equivalent to at most one-third of the brain-of a common housefly.) In fact, it has been estimated that the power and capacity of the human brain to process and store information is infinite! Most of what our brains do is performed without our conscious realization as hundreds of thousands of complex, elaborate systems are constantly monitored, regulated, controlled and communicated with via untold trillions of instruction sets per millisecond, 24 hours a day, over a nervous and chemical network that makes the entire world’s satellite and fiber optics telecommunications systems combined seem like a crude, simple and primitive toy. However, the most amazing thing done by the brain is something that no computer can begin to do, which is to enable the generation of original conscious thought, reason and emotion.

During the 19th Century it was thought by scientists that the universe consisted of two basic entities-matter and energy. Due to the great scientific advancements that have occurred in the 20th Century coupled with a deeper awareness and level of thought, it is now seen that there is a third, vastly more important entity at work in the universe and that is required for life to exist-information. Information is a mass-less quantity that is not reducible to energy. This awareness is forcing another realization that is taking root among many contemporary scientists and thoughtful people-the acknowledgement that information is only generated by intelligence, and intelligence is meaningless, impotent and even impossible apart from an original, driving purpose-in other words a will and a desire-a personality.

Of this kind of science [evolution] it might truly be said that it was `knowledge falsely so called.’ ” Dr. David C.C. Watson, The Great Brain Robbery (1976).

Almost 150 years after the publication of Darwin’s “The Origin of Species”, the postulated law of biogenesis remains unchallenged-life can only come from previously existing life. In Darwin’s time biologic and organic systems were thought to be many, many times simpler than they are known to be today. Just the likelihood of all of the tremendously complex organic components being formed and then coming together by any imaginary scenario of chance to create the nucleus of cellular life, DNA, can be shown to be an impossibility “of the highest order”. Yet even then the DNA could not have survived without the equally complex, highly structured systems of support needed and that are present in the simplest living. The double strand helix of DNA is called by scientists: “The most densely packed and elaborately detailed assembly of information in the universe.” Far from being able to create life in a laboratory, scientists today will readily say that they have only scratched the surface in uncovering the seemingly imponderable mysteries and complexities of organic life. Note: Evolutionists admit that the possibility of the right combination of atoms and molecules falling into place to form just one simple protein molecule is at least 1 in 10 raised to 113- a number that exceeds the estimated total number of atoms contained in all of the billions of stars within each of all the billions of galaxies in the known universe combined! Mathematicians dismiss as having never taken place, even regardless of an infinite time frame, anything that has a probability of occurrence of less than 1 in 10 raised to 50. But far more than one simple protein molecule is needed for life. Some 2000 complex protein molecules are needed just for a cell to maintain its activity, and the chance that all of them could occur at random is greater than 1 in 10 raised to 40,000! However, many scientists feel that this calculation does not represent the most difficult challenge to the spontaneous generation of cellular life, since it doesn’t take into consideration the issue of structure, in the same way that a huge pile of steel, aluminum, plastic and glass is not automatically structured into a Boeing 777.

“Scientists who go about teaching that evolution is a fact of life are great con men, and the story they are telling may be the greatest hoax ever. In explaining evolution we do not have one iota of fact, it is a tangled mishmash of guessing games and figure juggling.” – T.N. Tahmisian, physiologist for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.

Within the genetic code of any living thing there is allowance for variation. For example, all members of the feline or cat family could have sprung from just two original cats, a male and a female. But variation and speciation (formation of a new ‘species’), among felines does not represent evolution since there is no vertical or upward increase in genetic complexity that has occurred. It is an example of horizontal change with no increase in complexity, as when dog or horse breeders selectively breed those animals to bring out certain characteristics. A dog can be bred to a certain size, either smaller or larger, but there is a point at which there is no further change possible since that limit allowed for in the genetic material (DNA), has been reached, and it is impossible for a dog to be inter-fertile with any other family of animal. A dog can never become anything other than a dog, and there is no evidence to indicate or even suggest that it has ever been anything other than a dog. Almost all of the so-called ‘evidence’ of evolution that is cited in textbooks represents this type of horizontal adaptation that occurs continually in all living things, however it would be a complete mistake to think of it as evolution as this is not what is taking place. The evolutionary idea that change occurs gradually in living organisms due to the passing on of inherited mutations has been completely discredited, yet this impossibility is still taught as fact in most school systems world-wide! True genetic mutations are extremely rare in nature and of those, 99% are demonstrably harmful to their recipients and render them no beneficial advantage. The extremely small percentages of mutations that are not harmful are seen as being neutral. Finally, almost all mutations are repaired and blocked from genetic transference within 3 generations due to the self-rejuvenating nature of DNA. Just as was the case with the peppered moth in 19th Century England, living organisms are constantly giving birth to a wide variety of non-exact duplications of themselves that are allowed for within the limits imposed by their genetic sphere, and one particular variation can become dominant in any population due to the very real process of natural selection through ‘survival of the fittest’ (but this never results in vertical, upward change representing increased genetic complexity). Dr. Jay Y. Chien, an internationally respected scientist with the Nanjing Institute of Paleontology and Geology in China is best noted for his extensive, groundbreaking research into the best-preserved fossil fields in the world representative of the ‘Cambrian’ geologic era, located in China’s Yunnan Province. Dr. Chien has stated that his research convincingly reveals Darwin’s hypothesized ‘Tree of Life’ to be in reality almost exactly the opposite of what Darwin proposed, (Darwin’s ‘Tree’ is always displayed in high-school and college biology texts as accurately representing the history of all evolutionary descent on earth, and is the most famous icon of evolutionary dogma). However, long-standing research by scientists into the Cambrian era, evolution’s so-called ‘Big-Bang’, has always shown that almost all now existing animal phyla (types) had suddenly appeared in that one geologic time-span. In the words of scientists: “almost overnight”, geologically speaking.

“The creation account in Genesis [Bible] and the theory of evolution could not be reconciled. One must be right and the other wrong. The story of the fossils agreed with the account of Genesis. In the oldest rocks we did not find a series of fossils covering the gradual changes from the most primitive creatures to developed forms, but rather in the oldest rocks developed species suddenly appeared. Between every species there was a complete absence of intermediate fossils.” D.B. Gower, “Scientist Rejects Evolution,” Kentish Times, England, December 11, 1975 [biochemist].

Evolutionary explanations have no means of accounting for instinct in living things, which is the pre-programmed ability of some animals, birds and insects to perform feats that sometimes reflect what almost seems to be a superhuman wisdom. Certain ant colonies in sub-Saharan Africa build large above ground communities that incorporate a very ingenious method of natural air-conditioning that can maintain the interior temperature of the hill at a level 15 degrees cooler than the outside air. The delicate ant larvae within the community need to be maintained at this lower temperature or they will not survive. The exact way in which this impressive feat of engineering was accomplished was studied for many years before it was fully understood, and now the same principle of design is incorporated in civil engineering allowing for the building of much more energy-efficient structures. Evolution has no way of rationally explaining how co-dependency in biologic or ecological systems, also called ‘irreducible complexity’, came about. A very simple example of this can be illustrated by the clotting of blood in all warm-blooded creatures. It has been discovered that the clotting of blood is a very complicated chain of processes involving 8 separate chemical reactions. If one reaction does not occur, or if a specific enzyme or other organic factor is not present, blood will not clot. An evolutionary explanation would require us to believe that the first warm-blooded creature had possessed this extremely complex ability, or it would not have survived, and it would then have needed to pass this ability on as an inherited mutation to its offspring.

“Evolution is baseless and quite incredible.” John Ambrose Fleming, President, British Association for the Advancement of Science, in ‘The Unleashing of Evolutionary Thought’

Oftentimes, highly touted bone-fragment finds are disingenuously portrayed through the media and in textbooks as representing the ‘part animal, part man’ ancestors of humans. However, when the fragmented skeletal remains of these purported ‘ape-men’ are examined by experts in blind studies (when they have no prior knowledge of what they are examining), scientific consensus consistently and virtually always identifies them as representing either the remains of extinct apes, or as in the case of so-called ‘Neanderthal Man’, of a human with an advanced bone disease. When impressive artistic and digital renderings of these peculiar looking creatures as well as the evolutionary stages they supposedly transitioned through are graphically depicted in textbooks, TV programs and magazines, it is on the basis of pure speculation, imagination and wishful thinking. The strongest ‘evidence’ that evolutionists have in attempting to prove that there was once an ape that walked on two feet is a very short span of the imbedded hind prints of an ape without accompanying fore prints located at the site of an ancient volcanic lava flow in Tanzania, Africa; so that this site is world famous among evolutionists. Insofar as several animals including apes can be witnessed running on their hind legs for short distances today, and given the fact of the lava being extremely hot at the time the ape was there producing the prints, does this constitute proof? Note – evolutionists will admit it is the strongest proof they have!

“What is it [evolution] based upon? Upon nothing whatever but faith, upon belief in the reality of the unseen, belief in the fossils that cannot be produced, belief in the embryological experiments that refuse to come off. It is faith unjustified by works.” Dr. Arthur N. Field.

Why would an ‘ape-man’ that represented an improvement over a mere ape go extinct, while its inferior predecessor would not? How is it that flowering plants evolved the necessity of being pollinated by honeybees, therefore requiring a flower, when the atmospheric dispersion method used by most non-flowering plants is much more efficient, and why so many different types and colors of flowers when pollinating insects are for the most part attracted to one flower just as well as any other, and are insensitive to color? Should we expect an ape to possess the highest level of intelligence and reasoning ability in the animal world, as an evolutionary model would suggest? However in many specific aspects this is definitely not the case, and an ape is no more intelligent overall than many other animals. In its evolutionary progression toward becoming a reptile, did a fish undergo the thousands of changes necessary in order to evolve the ability to breath without gills (no small feat), concurrently with evolving the thousands of changes that would have been necessary before its fins became reptilian legs? Did the changes that occurred before the fins became usable as legs or the gills became usable as lungs render the fish a survivability advantage, or were many thousands of useless mutations retained and passed on?

“The theory of evolution suffers from grave defects, which are more and more apparent as time advances. It can no longer square with practical scientific knowledge…The Darwinian theory of descent has not a single fact to confirm it in the realm of nature. It is not the result of scientific research, but purely the product of imagination.” Dr. Albert Fleischman [Erlangen zoologist].

Evolutionists once tried to say that humans possessed hundreds of useless organs that were carry-overs from previous evolutionary stages, what they called ‘vestigial organs’. This was prominently cited as a proof of evolution in the past and it was taught as such in school textbooks, but now it is medically recognized that there are no vestigial organs in humans, none at all. It was once thought by many evolutionists (and taught in some textbooks), that the human embryo mimicked many stages of its evolutionary past while developing in the womb, including one stage where an attempt was made by the fetus to develop fish gills. This is now acknowledged by medical science to be complete, ridiculous nonsense. Evolutionists like to flaunt the fact that there are species of plants and animals living on the Galapagos Chain of islands that exist nowhere else (located off the coast of Ecuador, the Galapagos is where Darwin formulated many of his ideas on evolution). However this is insignificant in terms of even suggesting evolution, as those referred to species are closely related to and inter-fertile with their parent families that do exist on the mainland of Ecuador, so that this represents nothing more than another example of horizontal adaptation. In the book “The Blind Watchmaker”, Richard Dawkins reveals great imaginary talents in illustrating a purely conjectural explanation of the evolutionary process, while offering absolutely no proof of it (and by his own admission the simplest living organism contains at least enough structured information to completely fill all 30 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica!)

“I have always been slightly suspicious of the theory of evolution because of its ability to account for any property of living beings… I have therefore tried to see whether biological discoveries over the last thirty years or so fit in with Darwin’s theory. I do not think that they do. To my mind, the theory does not stand up at all.” Dr. H. Lipson, “A Physicist Looks at Evolution,” Physics Bulletin (1980).

While it’s true that the ages of some organic specimens are often erroneously reported as being millions or billions of years old, these ages are arrived at 1) through the use of radiometric dating techniques that are admittedly highly suspect, and acknowledged to be unreliable due to many factors and variables especially as one goes further back in time, but primarily 2) through forcing the age of the specimen to fit into an estimate that ‘seems’ reasonable according to an arbitrary evolutionary time-frame. The practice of arriving at age estimates in this latter way is widely criticized as an example of what is referred to as the ‘*circular reasoning’ of so much of what constitutes evolutionary logic; the presumption that since evolution is true, therefore this is how old it is, this is how it must have happened, etc-a way of thinking that is becoming increasingly ostracized for its lack of scientific soundness. Variables that call into question the validity of radiometric dating methods include ozone layer consistency over time, magnetic field disruption, the very imprecise science of accurately measuring rates of decay (resulting in great disparity of age estimates produced by different laboratories taken from the same sample, or even from the same sample at the same lab), and most fundamentally the extremely flawed assumption that isotopic samples represented a state of zero radioactive decay when first formed. In fact, the trend in science today is to dismiss the validity of ages arrived at through radiometric dating for ages over a few thousand years.

“Therefore, a grotesque account of a period some thousands of years ago is taken seriously though it be built by piling special assumptions on special assumptions, ad hoc hypothesis [invented for a purpose] on ad hoc hypothesis, and tearing apart the fabric of science whenever it appears convenient. The result [evolution] is a fantasia which is neither history nor science.” James Conant [chemist and former president, Harvard University], quoted in Origins Research, 1982.

For many people, objections against considering the possibility of creation are based on a very narrow, artificial definition of science, which states that only observable physical phenomenon belong within the appropriate realm of science to consider. Since creation would require acknowledging the existence of an unseen creator, it is a concept they say exists outside of the proper boundaries of science to evaluate. Yet this violates the true spirit of science which is after all a pursuit of uncovering that which is true, and is tantamount to saying that truth cannot be acknowledged. It is true that an intelligent creator cannot be seen, but many of the most noted scientists of world history-Copernicus, Confucius, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Einstein, Pasteur, Darwin, Von Braun and many, many more did not doubt the reality of a higher intelligence behind the existence of the universe.

“Unfortunately, in the field of evolution most explanations are not good. As a matter of fact, they hardly qualify as explanations at all; they are suggestions, hunches, pipe dreams, hardly worthy of being called hypotheses.” Dr. Norman Macbeth, Darwin Retried (1971).

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Source by Rockland Zeiler

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Runtime Error 482 typically shows when you attempt to print a document in Windows. The error is caused by the “Printform” component of Visual Basic.

As a rule of thumb, “runtime” errors are generally the result of problems within the “Visual Basic” library or its adjoining applications. The errors are mostly caused by either an inconsistency inside the code (referencing variables which don’t exist), or having problems referencing specific libraries.

Whether you’re actively using “Visual Basic” or not is mostly irrelevant; it’s likely the case that one of your applications is using it – hence the error.

To resolve the problem, there are a number of steps you can work through, although many people end up resorting to “workarounds” in order to prevent it from showing. The steps outlined in this tutorial should give you the ability to resolve it entirely.

Cause

The error will typically show with the following messages:

• “Run-time error ‘482’: Printer Error”

• “Run-time error ‘486’: Can’t print form image to this type of printer”

• “Printer Error”

The most important thing to realize about the error is that it’s caused dby what’s known as a “library” in computing. A library is essentially a piece of code which allows a developer to access particular functionality without having to rewrite the code for it.

Libraries have been used since the earliest days of computing. With modern computers, 1,000’s of libraries can be employed at once to provide very high level functionality to a range of applications. “PrintForm” is one such library.

It’s mostly the case that your system will not have the “Printform” library installed (it’s very old), leading the error to show. It may also be the case that your printer, or its associated drivers, may be damaged.

Solution

The steps to solve the problem are as follows:

1. Remove Any PrintForm References in VBA

   If you are seeing this error as a result of using a “Visual Basic” powered application (including VBA), you’ll want too ensure that you get rid of any references to the PrintForm component.

   The best way to do this is to replace it with the Win32 API, which is an updated version of the printing library in Visual Basic. If you do this properly, it should allow you to get printing working with your applications on the likes of Windows 10.

2. Update Printer Drivers

   If you are not using Visual Basic / VBA, you’ll want to ensure that your printer drivers are completely up to date and correct.

   The best way to do this is to fully “uninstall” the printer from your system and let Windows Update find the correct drivers (contrary to previous versions of Windows, the latest Windows Update is actually very good & effective).

   To do this, simply press Windows+S keys on your keyboard, type “Device Manager” and select the first option that appears. When in Device Manager, select the printer that you’re having problems with, right click and click “Uninstall”.

   After uninstalling, restart your PC. It should automatically add the printer again – installing the latest drivers – if effective.

3. Clean Out System Files With SFC

   If the above does not work, it *could* be a problem with the core system files of your computer. To fix this, you can use an in-built mechanism to resolve it (SFC // System File Checker).

   To do this, press Windows+S keys on your keyboard and type “CMD”. When the options show, right-click on the first and select “Run as Administrator”. This will bring up the black/white CMD window. Into it, type “sfc /scannow”. This will scan your system’s files and fix any damaged ones.

4. Switch To Using Other Printer Settings

   If all of the above does not work, you’ll want to look at using a different printer. The most typical way of doing this is to switch from using the standard “Print to PDF” option to “Microsoft Print to PDF” to get it working.

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Source by Richard Peck

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Recent media coverage has been devoted to the ability of alcohol to extend human life span. A rather insolent statement considering the historical barrage of disparaging findings regarding alcohol and its secondary ill health effects. However, if we isolate this one finding without examining the broader context of alcohol’s adverse health effects, in the long run, we probably do more harm than good.

Using Albert Einstein’s famous equation,

E=MC2

I have formulated the Time Longevity equation. By replacing the velocity of light coefficient with its equivalent velocity variables (distance/time), I have generated the Time or Longevity equation. Time equals the square root of distance squared times mass times the inverse of energy. I have proclaimed this formula, The Rainer Time Longevity Equation.

Rainer’s Time Longevity Equation

T=√D2x M x 1/E

Rainer’s Time Longevity Equation states that an organism’s life span is interdependent on three variables. Those three variables are Distance (D), Mass (M), and Energy (E). Animals of various species, including man, may alter these three variables in order to prolong life. Since time is relative to movement through space, animals may slow the aging process by forward movement through space. The greater the distance covered, the greater the positive impact on longevity. Animals that have the capacity to fly have an increased (D) variable compared to their non flying counterparts. Likewise, animals that typically fly or swim large distances will have a similarly increased life span. In short, caging migratory animals equates to a death sentence. The Galapagos Tortoise for example, has capitalized on all three variables of Distance (D), Mass (M), and Energy (E) in order to maximize its average life span of 150 years. The tortoise shuttles through the ocean’s currents (Increased D); It possesses a large inert shell that requires no metabolic maintenance (Increased M); Tortoises possess exceedingly slow movement with a similarly decreased metabolic rate (Decreased E).

Man has achieved greater longevity through modernization which includes amongst other things, more rapid travel modalities (Increased D). Air travel has helped push man’s life span to higher limits. Space travel shows even greater promise in extending man’s life span. Increased Mass allows larger mammals to extend their life span by increasing the (M) variable. Man may also alter time by manipulating the Mass (M) variable. Ancient Egyptians brilliantly utilized this fact by spending time residing in pyramids. Bear in mind, that a pyramid by virtue of its construction, is virtually entirely mass. Modern French researchers were astounded when they placed a dead cat and raw fresh meat in the interior of the Great pyramid, only to find both items exquisitely preserved days later. Likewise, Dinosaurs improved their life span by virtue of their enormous mass.

Lastly, this brings us to Energy (E), the final variable of the Rainer Time Longevity Equation. Given that time or longevity has an inverse relationship to energy (E), all things that decrease Energy will invariably increase time. However, I would like to point out that items that decrease the (E) variable and therefore increase longevity, may not necessarily improve the quality of life. Items that decrease the Energy (E) component and cause a decrease in Basal Metabolic Rate and secondarily increase longevity, include the following: love, marriage, hibernation, sleep, coma, stupor, caloric reduction, prayer, meditation, medicinal substances that suppress the central nervous system.

This brings us to the discussion of alcohol. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. Furthermore, it decreases brain endorphin production. Alcohol may increase longevity by decreasing the Energy (E) variable thus reducing Basal Metabolic Rate. However, we must not overlook the obvious ill effects that alcohol has on our overall health. Alcohol causes brain atrophy, liver cirrhosis, and promotes the formation of various types of cancer. Alcohol in a broader context has damaging effects on the body. Additionally, by reducing endogenous brain endorphin levels, alcohol robs our subconscious mind of its creativity and severs our link with God. Alcohol steals our ambition which, many may argue, is our chief purpose for existence.

Invariably, future studies will likely support findings that opiates such as heroin and codeine increase longevity by inducing a comatose state. But few would claim that periodic heroin use is beneficial in improving one’s life. Let’s not be seduced into accepting isolated research findings as virtuous advances. Embracing a morally sound lifestyle shows the most promise in extending and improving the quality of life. Enhancing endogenous brain endorphin production by routine exercise and meditation, facilitates a quality lifestyle. Naturally, man desires a longer life span. Likewise, an associated increase in life span will occur as man adopts the following lifestyle and behavior modifications: swifter travel modalities (increased D); decrease in obesity(decreased E); acquire more sleep (decreased E); prayer (decrease E);universal love (decrease E); consumption of minimal amounts of wine (decrease E); reside in structures composed of denser building materials (increase M) such as granite high rises.

I would like to add a caveat while on the topic of Energy (E). Contrary to current popular belief and aside from acute injury, a lower bone density contributes to a longer life span. High bone masses require increased metabolic rates to maintain. Likewise, an increased Basal Metabolic Rate shortens life span. As Man evolves, he sacrifices the development of high bone density for superior brain development. Asian ethnic groups, known to have the lowest bone density, likewise have the longest life span. Hence, lower bone density promotes longer life. This may ultimately encourage the use of medicinal agents targeted to enhance osteoclast activity (cells that reabsorb bone tissue) in order to improve life span. Additionally, this may discourage the use of aggressive medicinal treatments used to build bone in order to prevent osteoporosis.

The human body, given its fine tuning due to an extensive evolutionary process, capitalizes on the energy (E) component of the Time Longevity equation. The body utilizes fever as a weapon to combat bacterial and viral offenders. By raising the body’s core temperature when faced with a crisis, effectively increasing Energy (E), the body’s immune system selectively shortens the life cycle of the offending bacterial or viral agent. Hence, fever can assist the body in its effort to destroy infecting organisms. However, the body must precipitously drop the temperature once the offending threat has been thwarted in order to circumvent its own demise. Fever, although an effective defensive tool, can also prove extremely hazardous if left unchecked. Severe systemic infections may increase the basal metabolic rate (E) beyond limits compatible with life.

We must also avoid the temptation to implement detrimental behavior patterns in an effort to extend life span. This is particularly true if newly adapted practices jeopardize the quality of life or blunt the creativity of the human mind. Our minds are our cherished tools that serve as the link to connect us to our higher power. Our minds resonate with one another allowing us to share our creativity and inspiration which may then develop into a material equivalent. No substance, compound, or medicinal agent should ever compromise this higher cerebral function. Our minds empower our capacity to connect to one another, our environment, and with God. We live to promote our thought capacity for now and beyond. Our bodies merely serve as our mind’s temporary housing. Alcohol excess can evoke the brain’s capacity for addiction, a biological disease. In all fairness, two glasses of red wine consumed on a weekly basis may have some positive health benefits. Red wine with its antioxidant properties coupled with relaxants, may enable us to cope with life’s rigors. But stronger types of alcohol such as whiskey, bourbon, rum, and vodka often tax the capacity of our liver’s detoxification capabilities and therefore cause systemic illness.

Time travel is also implicit to this discussion. As we photograph a tennis player strike a ball without the aid of a freeze frame lens, we see that motion is composed of a sequence of independent movements separated by distance and time. Likewise, photographing our solar system gives us the same effect. Photos of seemingly independent planets appear separated only by distance. But, however, this is effectively one of the same. Our solar system is the evolution of one planet only– Earth. Mars is earth’s future and Venus is earth’s past. The volcanoes on Mar’s surface are merely eroded Great Pyramids of Egypt. The eerie face peering at us from Mar’s surface is our own Great Sphinx looking towards the heavens. However, the dimension of time is well into our future. Time travel is before our eyes. What appears as a seemingly array of independent objects separated by various distances is merely one of the same. Given the temperature variation of Mars, global warming then becomes a moot point.

Let’s turn our sights to one of our most challenging issues, cancer. Is there a cure in sight? We race to find a cure but we must force ourselves to look beyond the narrow scope of our lens. Increasing distance (D) and mass (M) while decreasing energy (E) will not only increase life span but also may hold the definitive key to cancer’s cure. If we focus on energy (E), from a metabolic standpoint, we make reference to Basal Metabolic Rate. Whatever variable decreases basal metabolic rate likewise decreases the incidence of cancer. Current medical standards must be revised. At best, our attempts to preserve bone mass by medicinal means is in fact an absolute route to promoting the formation of cancer. Raising bone density increases metabolic rates. An increase in Basal Metabolic rate increases energy (E) which in turn shortens longevity (T). Hence, increasing bone density increases cancer. An increase in metabolic rate is an increase in energy (E) which causes a decrease in time longevity (T). Medicinal agents that increase bone density in post menopausal years directly shorten life span. God’s naturally occurring hormonal transition has been correct all along. The production of progesterone in women’s twilight years with the corresponding decline in bone mass potentiates the duration of life. Cancer is merely the byproduct of stimulating basal metabolic rates to an extreme thus creating a cellular replicating, self perpetuating vortex. We cannot eliminate this vortex by applying more energy such as radiation. In fact, we must do the very opposite. Hence, the promise for an absolute cure for cancer lies in the basal metabolic reductive capacity of cryogenics and frigid cold baths.

The following items below decrease energy (E) or Basal Metabolic Rate and therefore help PREVENT CANCER and increase Life Span:

– Decrease in Basal Metabolic Rate

– Decrease in Bone Density

– Osteoblast inhibitor

– Antibiotics

– Sleep

– Hibernation

– Estrogen Blocker (Tamoxifen)

– Osteoclast activator

– Meditation

– Coma

– Prayer

– Exercise

– Sex

– Love

– Classical and Jazz Music

– Relaxation

– Laughter

– Caloric Reduction

– Fasting

– Progesterone

– Depo Provera

– Excessive Cold

– Moderate Wine

– Lupron

– Decreased Body Mass Index

The items listed below increase Mass (M) and therefore help PREVENT CANCER and increase Life Span:

– Residing in the Great Pyramid of Egypt

– Residing in Stone House

– Residing in a Cave

– Burrowing and residing underground

The items listed below increase Distance (D) and therefore help PREVENT CANCER and increase Life Span:

– Space travel

– Flying

– Migration

– Forward Movement

– Swimming

The items listed below increase energy (E) or Basal Metabolic Rate and therefore CAUSE CANCER and decrease Life Span:

– Increase in Basal Metabolic Rate

– Increase in Bone Density

– Osteoclast Inhibitor

– Cigarettes

– Infection

– Fever

– Carcinogenic exposure

– Excessive Heat

– Genetic Predisposition

– Bacterial exposure

– Viral exposure

– Obesity

– Osteoblast Activator

– Sleep Deprivation

– Hate

– Anger

– Stress

– Fosomax

– Androgenic Steroids

– Unopposed Estrogen

– Cocaine

– Excessive Sun

– Mifepristone (RU486)

The items listed below decrease Mass (M) and therefore CAUSE CANCER and decrease Life Span:

– Residing in a trailer

– Residing in a tent

The items listed below decrease Distance (D) and therefore CAUSE CANCER and decrease Life Span:

– Sedentary lifestyle

– Stasis or staying still

*Some items listed above are currently theoretical and require case-control study to be regarded as scientific fact

Optimizing the physical laws of nature will assist us as we make progress in increasing longevity and eradicating cancer as a health menace. We must carefully observe and analyze many of nature’s obvious examples of perfection and harmony. These examples in nature all have purpose and intent and have required exponential years of evolutionary trial and error. As man universally harmonizes in the spirit of love, all things will ultimately be achieved.

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Source by Robert E Rainer

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Odd as it may seem, as a financial concept the term bottom-line has only been around for about forty years or so. It’s genesis as a word (an adjective, really) was the result of the growing need to establish the ultimate benchmark for profitability in the post-World War II advanced corporate economy. That is to say, to find out more than a company’s profit and loss through simple financial accounting. With the complexities introduced through a more mechanized, large scale, robotic global economy in the 1950’s and 1960’s, as well as mandates from stockholders for more stringent (i.e., realistic) profits reporting during this time, a new way of assessing profit was born. It was called, cost accounting.

This technique for manufacturers differs from financial accounting insofar as it is largely a much more formal mechanism by which costs of products or services are determined and controlled for efficiencies. This is achieved by the gathering of all operational costs, then classifying them systematically to ascertain their appropriateness as expenditures. With this information, management is able to make decisions that remove inefficiencies in production cost and, therefore, enhance the bottom-line profits. Good cost accounting can not only aid in controlling costs, but can also help in a wide array of manufacturing operations. In this sense, the seven great objectives of cost accounting in manufacturing are:

1. Determining Costs: Of course, the overall objective of cost accounting is find out what your products and/or jobs cost you to make or provide.
2. Control: Improving efficiency by controlling and reducing costs. To control the budget through classification and analysis is to control the costs.
3. Information: Knowing raw material stock levels, the work in progress, and the amount of finished goods is information provided through cost accounting that can be used immediately by management.
4. Increasing Efficiencies: The efficiency of any operation is only truly measured by the sum of its parts. As chaos shows, inefficiency in one area must eventually cause inefficiency in others. Cost accounting brings an understanding of the level of efficiency (or inefficiency) in all areas of manufacturing operations.
5. Determine the Selling Price: Through the detailed information provided by good cost accounting, you can find out an optimum selling price for your product and/or service under differing variables (seasonal, economic, distribution, etc.).
6. Operations Management: Where are your direct and in-direct costs being eaten up and why? With cost accounting, you can tweak operations policies to enhance the profitability of the work produced.
7. Financials: Cost accounting provides the opportunity for frequent production cost reviews, especially as they correlate with production output in relative terms. Again, routine cost accounting financials help realize the continuous improvement that reduces costs.

A glance over these seven objectives quickly tells you that, as opposed to simple financial accounting, the detail work of cost accounting provides a richer information base for operations management. The collection, classification, and determination of cost through accounting becomes, then, a means by which efficiencies are discovered and implemented. To the extent that these implementations offer a greater return on investment, and perhaps a greater dividend to shareholders, this technique can be said to truly help build the bottom-line profit.

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Source by Victor Viser, Ph.D.

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What’s the Best Nutrition Plan for Fat Loss?

As you may or may not know (if you don’t know, this article is exactly what you need), the majority of fat loss happens in the kitchen. You’re welcome to run and run and run until you can’t run anymore (this post explains why that isn’t efficient though), but if you’re not eating correctly, you won’t see the fat loss results you want to see. Even if you’re eating all healthy foods, you STILL might not be seeing the fat loss you want to see. Why is this? It has to do with macronutrients. While eating healthy foods is a good start, at some point, you’ll have to move to a more precise diet to really get the level of definition you might want. This article will explain in detail why fat loss occurs and the nutrition plan you should follow to achieve it.

A Quick Overview of Fat

Fat serves many purposes in the body, but the main function of fat is as an energy reserve. Fat is an efficient source of energy because it stores over two times the calories per gram that carbohydrates and protein do (9 cal vs 4 cal, respectively). The average lean adult stores enough fat to sustain life for over two months.

Why Does Fat Loss Occur?

Fat is primarily stored in adipocytes, which can take up or store fat depending on energy levels. Energy levels are determined primarily by food intake. When energy levels are high, fat tends to stay inside the adipocytes. When energy levels are low, such as when fasting or during exercise, insulin levels drop, and epinephrine levels increase. Epinephrine causes the fatty acid to be released from the adipocyte.

The resulting fatty acid then goes through a long journey throughout the body through various processes and cells. If you’re interested in learning more about the details of that, check out “The Physiology of Fat Loss” by Dr. Len Kravitz on Google. If you’re more interested in how nutrition leads to fat loss, continue reading.

The Fat Loss Nutrition Plan

There is a lot of debate about the right nutrition plan for fat loss. The hard part about it is that it varies from person to person because there are so many variables involved. Your exercise, daily activity level, age, and gender all play a part in how you should structure your fat loss nutrition plan. The most important thing to remember is that no calculator or formula will give you exactly what you need. Your body is unique and every formula will require some tweaking. This is something only you will be able to figure out. Luckily, I’ll provide a great place to start right now.

In my personal experience, with clients and with my own body, I’ve found a lot of success with a macronutrient ratio of 40% Fat: 40% Protein: 20% Carbs. I’ll go into a little more detail in a second, but I want to reiterate that this should be used as a starting point. It’s likely you’ll have to adjust the ratio to find one that works for your body.

When it comes to the 40% Fat, I make sure to incorporate a lot of mono- and saturated fats because these have been found to increase testosterone. I also include polyunsaturated fat. If you’re a woman, this is obviously less important for you, so you can stick to leaner meats with less saturated fat. Trans fat should be avoided at all costs.

The 40% protein can be basically any kind of protein your body can tolerate. Whey protein is my preferred option. For some people, Whey concentrate can be harder on the stomach, so Whey isolate should be substituted. If you’re trying to avoid dairy, Egg or pea protein is a great option. I would strongly recommend investing in protein powder, as getting 40% of your total calories strictly through food will be a challenge (plus it’s expensive!). Protein powder is cheap, effective and makes reaching your protein goals simple.

The 20% carbs are the smallest part of your diet, but the most complicated part to deal with. When it comes to fat loss, keeping your blood sugar stabilized is super important, but having enough energy to get a killer workout and recover is also important. I avoid starchy carbs like sugar (including fruit) unless it’s before or immediately after my workout. Starchy carbs spike blood sugar levels, which is helpful for energy and recovery. If you eat a lot of starchy carbs, then do nothing, it’s likely your body will store the glucose as fat. Pre- and post- workout I eat starchy carbs, the rest of the day I stick to non-starchy carbs like veggies and other high-fiber foods. A good rule of thumb that I follow is to stick to foods that have a starch:fiber ratio of 3:1 or less. For example, a serving of broccoli has 6g carbs and 2g of fiber. This is a 3:1 ratio, which would be acceptable to eat any time during the day.

What To Do If This Ratio Doesn’t work?

There’s a pretty good chance that this ratio will stop working for you at one point or another. Like I said earlier, a lot of things go into finding the right ratio of macronutrients. If you begin to feel like you don’t have enough energy to get a good workout, you may need more carbs. If you don’t feel like you’re progressing because you aren’t recovering quickly enough, you may need more carbs. I wouldn’t lower your carb intake any less than 20% as this could lead to hormonal imbalance and a screeching halt in your fat loss.

When it comes to changing your ratio, make small changes. Don’t adjust any greater than 5% at a time. For starters, if you increase your carb intake by 5%, lower your fat intake by 5%. Monitor your progress for a couple weeks, if you see success just stick with it. If you still don’t see progress, make another small adjustment.

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Source by Ryan M York

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Green pool water is almost always due to algae, though excess copper from an ionizer or flow-driven metallic sanitizer (like Nature2) might turn it a clear greenish color. Once algae begins to grow in a pool, it rapidly overwhelms the system, going through a light green to darker and darker shades of murk. Algae can double every 12 hours or less, depending on conditions. The pool becomes unusable quickly, and not just for aesthetic reasons. Algae can harbor unhealthy levels of infective bacteria.

Algae can have several causes, but the primary one is inadequate sanitizer. In the majority of pools that use chlorine as the primary sanitizer (including pools that use salt chlorine generators), this means there is not enough free available chlorine (FAC) in the water. For most pools, this would be 2 to 3 ppm, assuming “balanced” pool water.

What Can be Done About Algae?

An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Swimming pool algae is a perfect example of one of Ben Franklin’s most famous aphorisms. As you will see below, getting rid of algae once it is established in your pool is an onerous process. You should prevent algae formation if at all possible. There are two solutions to algae, the first one based on prevention, and the second based on cure.

Prevention: Maintaining Clean Water Prevents Algae

Preventing algae formation is a lot easier than the cleanup after it is established. Basically, you need to keep your water clean and well-sanitized continuously, and the algae will not form. However, if you are sanitizing your pool using traditional chemicals, this can be a lot of work in itself, with chlorine, stabilizer, algaecide, pH balancers, and other chemicals always in flux.

We suggest a simpler alternative (assuming you begin with clean water):

• Install an ozone generator on the water circulation line downstream from the pump according to manufacturer’s instructions. DEL Ozone offers pool ozonators for all sizes of residential pools.
• Maintain free available chlorine (FAC) at the.5 to 1.0 ppm level to circulate continuously in the pool (heavy bather loads may require more).
• Test frequently at first for pH (balance should be 7.2 to 7.6 – add an acid like muriatic acid or an alkalai like soda ash to achieve this) and chlorine (add as needed). With experience, you will learn how often and how much chlorine to add, in part determined by how you use the pool.

Enjoy your pool!

Cure: Getting Rid of Algae

Once algae takes hold, a chemical assault is required to eliminate it. The ozone generator cannot remove high concentrations of algae growing in the pool (especially those organisms attached to the pool walls) because the ozone is mostly destroyed in the disinfection process before the circulation water reaches the pool. Only a small residual level of ozone remains at that point, usually not enough to penetrate the nooks and crannies of the pool – that’s what the background FAC is supposed to do.

Here’s what you need to do to get rid of algae:

• Adjust the pH to the normal range, 7.2 to 7.6.
• Brush the pool walls and bottom to loosen attached algae.
• Make sure the pool filter is clean, and turn on the pump. Keep it running throughout the process.
• Shock the pool with a chlorine-based product. This may require 2 or 3 times the normal amount of shock – read the product instructions.
• Add an algaecide along with the shock. Some algaecides are meant to be used in conjunction with shock, and some are not compatible with chlorine or ozone and may stain the pool, so read the label carefully.
• Test and monitor the water, repeating the shock process every 12 to 24 hours until all algae is dead and discolored.
• Although the dead algae will begin to settle to the bottom of the pool, adding a flocculent (floc treatment) will help the algae particles coagulate, making cleanup and/or filtration more effective.
• Vacuum the pool and check the filter. Clean the filter if possible, but this algae-killing cure often overwhelms a filter, so replacing it may be the best course.
• Include an algaecide in your chemical routine, and shock the pool once or twice a month to prevent future algae outbreaks.

Enjoy your pool!

Avoid the Cure: Install an Ozonator

If you prefer swimming in your pool to cleaning it, find the right pool ozonator for your pool, clean the water once, and then maintain it with ozone and an adequate amount of background chlorine. A benefit of this method is that your pool water will be and feel fresher with fewer chemicals, and you will also avoid the problems with noxious byproducts of chlorine like chloramines.

Maximize the Ozone Power

It is important to note that the ozone is injected in the pump flow, and only when the pump is running. For adequate sanitation and disinfection, DEL Ozone, the world’s leading innovator in ozone sanitation applications, recommends running the main pump at least 6 hours per day, depending on the pool’s recirculation rate (turnover).

However, the pool ozonator could be running 24 hours per day for maximum sanitation and disinfection power. With today’s energy-saving variable speed pumps often mandated for in-ground pools because of energy requirements, this can be a limitation because most manufacturers’ ozone generators work only on the high speed. Luckily, DEL Ozone offers a variable-speed injector manifold that will work with any pump speed, so both energy savings and maximum pool ozone effectiveness can be achieved.

Enjoy the Pool More!

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Source by Beth Hamil