Tag: <span>cooling plan</span>

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Needless to say, our forefathers didn’t worry too much about heating their log cabins. Big fireplaces had no problem warming up the one or two rooms they lived in. Of course now that log homes are family-sized, people often have the impression that there is something different about how they are heated, and the good news is that a standard system will work as well in a log home as a traditional structure.

Almost all log homes are built with at least one fireplace. Initially, we thought that our beautiful soapstone woodstove would heat the whole house, and we would use our forced-air propane heat as a backup. Alas, we were all wrong. Because we have a cathedral ceiling with a big loft, the heat from the stove goes directly upstairs, requiring two ceiling fans to recirculate the warm air. We expected this, but we also thought the heat would expand sideways into the rest of the open floor space (dining room and kitchen). Not on your life! Even sitting on the couch about 15 feet from the stove, I need a coverlet. I’m uncomfortably chilly in the kitchen. I think that if we had a regular ceiling, the heat might have gone where we expected it, but the volume of the cathedral ceiling threw off our calculations. Also, the soapstone stove is designed to be run 24/7, and because we both work for a living, the stove doesn’t get fired up until the evening. This woodstove needs to be heated up slowly at the risk of cracking the stone, so by the time it’s really cooking we’re ready for bed.

Old-fashioned fireplaces traditionally sucked all the warm air out of the room, but modern designs are more efficient at recirculating the heat. The most energy-efficient fireplace is built in the center of the house, so the stack heat is not lost to the outside. Outside stacks can create back drafts if the fire is extinguished, making a new fire more difficult to light. If you are planning multiple fireplaces, putting two of them back-to-back (facing adjoining rooms) will give you the opportunity to build one chimney with two flues. Or you could put a fireplace above your furnace, again allowing two flues in the same chimney. A direct-vent fireplace will eliminate the chimney, but you’ll have to figure out how to hide the vent on the outside wall. Or, if you use a wood-stove, you could run the pipe through the wall and straight up the outside, building a box around the pipe to simulate a chimney. Depending on the look you want, you may want to leave the pipe inside the room and send it through the roof. This will give more heat.

It’s a good idea to consider your heating and air-conditioning needs early in the design phase. Although log homes are naturally energy-efficient, it’s not wise to skimp on your system. You may be able to heat your whole house with a huge fireplace or wood stove, but the township will probably have minimum standards to meet before they issue a building permit. Also, you need to consider resale value. I know of one person who tried to sell a million-dollar handcrafted log home without a furnace, and as you might suspect, the buyer never came along. The house was listed as unfinished, and installing the heating system after the fact was too daunting a task. A similar problem exists if you try to get away without central air conditioning. Yes, log homes do stay cooler in the summer, but those “dog days” of August can give you a perfectly miserable night’s sleep, and a potential buyer will probably not be as tolerant as the original owner. Indeed, our mortgage company would not consider granting a construction loan if we didn’t include central air conditioning.

If you want to preserve ductwork space, you can use forced air heat, with the same ductwork serving the air conditioner. Propane or oil are usually the fuels of choice in rural areas. If your interior wall space is limited, there are companies that specialize in very small, high-pressure duct systems that fit into tight angles; these systems usually require a much higher initial installation cost. When using traditional ductwork, you want to keep the angles at a minimum, so it helps to design first floor walls that will conveniently carry the air straight up to the second floor. An open floor plan offers a challenge, because you must bear in mind that the upstairs rooms need to be heated somehow, and you will need both supply and return vents to create an efficient air flow. If you want to use full log interior walls, you’ll have to find another way to run the ductwork, electric, and plumbing. We made that mistake, and there are not enough return vents in our bedroom. The air is stuffy in the summer time, even with the windows open.

Where do the vents go? Since all our exterior walls are full log, many of our vents were placed in the floor. If your interior walls are sheetrock or tongue-and-groove, you can put the vents where they normally go. One thing I wish we had done was go over the plan with the HVAC contractor, because he put the vents in places I found most inconvenient. Some times it can be helped, and some times it can’t.

If you are energy-minded and prefer to leave your thermostat at a minimum, you will find that the southern-facing side of the log home tends to be warmer than the northern exposure. Because the sun tends to sink closer to the horizon on a winter afternoon, it’s advantageous to arrange your large windows facing south; during the summer, the sun will cross over the roof, so it won’t overheat your house. However, you may find that the northern side of your house – which won’t get direct sun at all – could be noticeably cooler. The best solution is to install radiant-floor heating (if you can afford it). Although this system requires a boiler instead of a furnace, the in-floor heating spreads the warmth evenly throughout your home, eliminating the northern-facing blues. With radiant-floor heating, you need to keep the thermostat steady all the time; the system is not designed to be turned down when you go to work. Additionally, you can use the boiler to heat your hot water as well, eliminating the need for a hot-water heater. On the other hand, you will still need to install ductwork for the air conditioning.

Overall, the same considerations apply as in regular construction. We thought we could get by with only one zone of heating and cooling, but in retrospect, two zones would have solved a lot of problems. In the long run, it’s cheaper to do it correctly in the first place. Retrofitting a log home is not going to be a breeze!

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Source by Mercedes Hayes

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Home HVAC (Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning) systems in most climates will be a major user of energy. In warm climates it can account for 60% or more of your total electric bill. If your system is ten years old or older it is a prime candidate for an upgrade. Air Conditioning systems are rated by SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio). This is sort of like a cars MPG rating. The higher the number the more energy efficient and less power it will consume for the amount of cooling compared to a lower SEER rated system. A system 10 years old or older were likely rated 10 SEER or less when new. As they age they can lose efficiency due to compression loss and heat transfer restrictions like a dirty or damaged coil. If you have an older unit in need of repairs you might be tempted to spend the few hundred or few thousand dollars it may take to get it up and running rather than the thousands it would take to replace with a high efficiency system. Repairs can many times be the best alternative with a tight budget or in a case where you don’t plan to stay in the home long enough to get a ROI (return on investment) from the new system.

But in the long run it can cost more to repair an older unit then replacing. If you have an average 2,000 square foot home with a 4 ton air conditioning unit, it could cost somewhere around $5,000.00 to replace plus or minus a thousand or so depending on the grade of equipment and what all is involved with the installation. If this hypothetical system needed repairs in the typical $600-$1,000.00 range it might seem like you save around $4000.00 by repairing instead of replacing. But you have to factor in operating cost and future repair and maintenance to get a true cost comparison. If your system is starting to need repairs in that price range the chances are good that year after year it is going to need even more repairs as it ages. If you are adding refrigerant because of a leak and not repairing the leak you are guaranteed at least one, but probably several service calls a year to keep it cooling. Finding and repairing small pinhole leaks in the coil can cost a lot as well. Repairing coil leaks can be very difficult. When the coil starts to leak it is likely there are many small pinhole leaks in the tubing where the fin makes contact with the tubing. This is due to electrolysis caused by contact of two dissimilar metals and the presence of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) that have condensed onto the coil that contribute to the formation of these pinholes. Repairing them is a tricky process and can result in less than desired results. Repairing one leak can just open another one nearby. Even if you are successful the efficiency of the system can never be returned even to its original low 10 SEER rating much less improving it. Charging a leaking system to “get by” also just contributes to the cost of operating that system. You have the service costs plus the increased operating cost as the system losses refrigerant and become less and less efficient.

So let’s look at that $5,000.00 system verses maintaining your old system over a period of just five years. Up front we already know you will have an expense of about $1,000.00 to get the system even operating at a low efficiency level. So now we are down to $4,000.00. Now let’s say you average a very modest projected $350.00 in maintenance and service cost for years 2 to 5. Now that new system is costing you just $2,600.00. Most systems will have a 10 year parts warranty so even if something did fail at least the parts would be covered. The labor for repairs on the new system will be at least 1 year and up to 10 years can be added for around $500.00 on most systems.

We haven’t even talked about energy cost savings yet. According to operating cost comparison software using 0.11 cent a kilowatt hour and a modest increase in rates of 3% a year you would save $2,092.00 on air conditioning cost by upgrading to an Energy Star rated 14 SEER system from 10 SEER system. And this is assuming your a 10 SEER system is still operating at 10 SEER. I can tell it won’t be. Savings will vary.

According to the same cost comparison software, government studies have also shown an increase in home value of around $7,800.00 by making this upgrade. When we expand the time frame out to the expected average life span of the system to 20 years your savings is over $10,000 in operating costs.

So waiting till that old system completely fails to replace it can cost you much more in energy cost and comfort then replacing it now.

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Source by Jon Kalp

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Anyone that’s new to boating could easily be forgiven for failing to understand how our boat’s engine is cooled. Unless your engine is air or keel cooled (more on this later) its cooling system is very likely to involve a ‘raw water pump’.

Consider this. If your boat’s engine is in an engine room or buried under your decks, how can it be cooled? Your car will have a radiator and a fan. The radiator is a heat exchanger that relies on cold air passing through it to cool the water inside it. The engine hidden away inside your boat does not have this luxury, so we have to cool the engine another way.

A simple way to achieve this is to take a standard water cooled engine and install a pump that takes water from the sea, lake or river and pushes that water straight through the engine and out again. This is basic ‘direct raw water cooling’. To add to the efficiency of this method some bright spark invented the water jacketed exhaust manifold. Instead of the used water being ejected immediately overboard, it is diverted through the exhausts water jacket and out through the exhaust. This not only massively improves the engine cooling but also removes the fire risk associated from an otherwise very hot exhaust. The big drawback to this method, particularly in sea water, is the build up of dried solids from the salt water. This can get so bad as to require an engine change. A further problem is the absence of antifreeze in winter.

A more elegant solution to cooling the engine is ‘indirect raw water cooling’. This method has a sealed water / antifreeze system, much like a car, but instead of a radiator it has a purpose made heat exchanger. This is a vessel with two chambers that are separated from each other by a suitably heat conductive material. Water from the engine is moved by the engines circulatory pump through one side of the heat exchanger, while a raw water pump pumps seawater through the other side of the heat exchanger. This removes heat from the freshwater circuit. The raw water then passes through the exhaust water jacket where it further cools the engine. The build up of solids can affect the heat exchanger over time, but many can be dismantled and cleaned, this is a much cheaper alternative to a possible engine replacement.

This method, used with a thermostat installed, gives us a sealed cooling system full of hot water that we can divert via a ‘calorifier’ to give us a free tank of hot water. A calorifier is simply a tank with metal coils inside that transports the hot engine water through the tank transferring heat on its way back to the engine. The engine cooling water never mixes directly with the water we are going to shower in!

The modern raw water pump is only a fraction of the size of the old inefficient pumps that used to be used, but they are very powerful. They contain a flexible impeller that ideally should be removed according to manufacturers recommended intervals, for careful checking and possible replacement.

Keel cooling, incidentally, is where the engine is cooled by a sealed system, but instead of using a raw water pump the hot engine water is diverted through metal pipes outside the boat where it is cooled and returned to the engine. This system can be affected badly if the boat grounds and the pipes are crushed or breached.

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Source by Stewart Haynes

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Buying off plan gives you the chance to choose your own floor plan from a variety of options. You can choose from a host of features and upgrades, ensuring that when you move into your new condo it is exactly what you wanted, finished to meet your unique specification to provide you with a home that you can be proud of and enjoy for years to come.

One of the first things you will notice when buying any condos off plan is that you will be able to enjoy a discounted price. Once the units are completed, the condo sales price usually increases as a result. Getting in early will help you get the best prices, but at the same time, the earlier you commit to purchase, the more likely you will be to buy completely off plan before the foundation is set.

Another reason you may want to consider condo sales off plan is that you secure ownership of your condo, but you get to enjoy a long settlement, which gives you some much needed breathing room when making such a large investment. Payment is normally only made once the project is completed and transfer takes place, this is just before you move into your new home and start enjoying your future.

Ensure you do your research into the developer, the architect, the builders and the engineers. Ensure that the complex you are looking at is being constructed by the best local construction companies and handled by the best developers, so you can buy with complete confidence.

Location is essential when looking at condo sales off plan. You want to try and choose an area which is considered prestigious, an area where you know you will get a good return on your investment in the future. Remember when looking in good areas, you will pay considerably more for single family home than you will for a condo off plan. Once the condo is completed, it is worth more, which means you have a good investment in a good area that you can enjoy.

There are certain very important factors to note when it comes to the contract that you sign. Read every line in detail, ensure you understand the contract and have your attorney look over it and help you with sections you don’t understand.

The first thing to note in the contract is whether there is a “Cooling Off’ clause. These days all contracts should contain this clause when buying off plan. This clause gives you a set period of time where you can pull out of the contract if you change your mind for any reason. Check the contract thoroughly to ensure you are offered a cooling off period to put your own mind at ease.

Next you want to ensure that the full details of the plans you have chosen are detailed and added to the contract. This way in the event when your unit is completed there is something missing or not as you chose, you can have it rectified. This clause ensures you know what you are paying for and also ensures the contractor completes your particular condo based on your unique specifications.

Read up on the deposit clause, the warranties, inclusions, defects and completion dates.

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Source by Reg Liyanage

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Whether you plan to remodel you current office or commercial property, or plan a new construction for your company, you must consider how the heating, air, and ventilation system will figure into your plans. For businesses involving in a new building, the idea of committing to more recent technologies and innovations in the industry seems likely. Wireless systems specially designed for commercial enterprise are not only gaining popularity, but will possibly become the future where commercial HVAC is concerned.

What are the benefits of having a wireless system to control your office heating and air? Take into consideration these points:

1) A wireless system is more cost effective. There are less materials required to set up the system, therefore less parts to worry about and purchase/replace. Already you are working toward a more efficient way of heating and cooling your commercial property. Consider, too, that a wireless system does not take as long to install as a traditional HVAC, so workflow is not interrupted.

2) Ease of use. Wireless sensors set around your building and other workplace property are simple to use and adjust where needed. High quality equipment helps guarantee round the clock comfort for employees and customers/clients.

3) Less maintenance. A system from a trusted name in commercial HVAC will run on a long-life battery and provide you with few problems. Even in the instance of an equipment breakdown, wireless systems have proven simpler to repair or replace.

4) Cost efficiency. As your wireless system properly manages the heating and cooling of your buildings and offices, you may find your monthly energy bills decrease. Sensors in place will detect activity and temperature and adjust accordingly so you are not necessarily heating or cooling an unused area.

5) Flexibility. Because wireless systems, naturally, have no wires, the motion sensors may be adjusted to place anywhere they are needed. If you decide to renovate your office – take down walls, move furniture – the sensor can be easily relocated to a place where supplemental heat or air from a fan or copier will affect it.

Wireless technology is the future, and it is fair to say that the future is here. When you install a wireless system to manage your commercial HVAC equipment, you benefit your company with reduced energy bills, increased comfort, and the convenience of a heating and cooling solution that lasts. Consult with your area commercial HVAC contractor to learn more.

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Source by Kathryn Lively

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Diesel engine power generators are one of the most crucial components of an industrial emergency backup plan. The failure of power generators in emergency situations can lead to disastrous conditions. It is important for companies to monitor and maintain the performance of their power systems. This is where load bank testing comes into play and helps facility managers maintain their power equipment. Load bank testing uncovers potential problems in power generators and enables managers to take preventive measures.

Load bank testing is probably the most effective technique to ensure efficient operations of backup generators. No matter the nature or type of a load bank system, it can not only test the equipment but also improve the overall health of backup units. Load bank testing is a process to:

Verify Cooling System Operation

A load test makes the generator inject additional heat into the cooling air stream. This process will indicate malfunctions in the cooling system. The additional heat created during the process also puts stress on components of a cooling system: thermostat, oil cooler, radiator, etc. We can also obtain valuable data from a testing process that can help us with temperature differential. The temperature data also helps verify backup unit compliance. The process verifies the operations of cooling system alarms such as engine coolant overheat and high cooling water temperature alarm.

Verify Fuel System Operation

Latest diesel engine models are highly turbocharged, which makes them prone to poor combustion at low loads and over fueling. Sometimes power systems do not operate at a load high enough to generate flow velocities and high exhaust temperatures. This situation can lead to issues like wet stacking or accumulation of debris in the exhaust system. These problems can seriously damage the overall performance of a backup system; operation in an unloaded condition or continual use at less than what is the recommended level of load can diminished engine output capacity.

Verify control operation

Power supplies and controls of a generator are sensitive to transients, and, when load changes, can shut down unexpectedly. An inductive or resistive load test is the best way to ensure smooth generator operations. A reliable testing procedure can help uncover many electrical and operational issues such as voltage and frequency adjustments, failed connections, circuit breaker trip settings, and voltage regulator performance. It also provides a best-case simulated real-world condition where efficiency, harmonics, and voltage drop can be studies effectively.

These are some of the benefits of load bank testing. Make sure you are taking good care of your power equipment and generator sets. You can hire a private company to deliver rental load bank testing and preventive maintenance services at your doorstep.

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Source by Basharat K

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Landscaping a home in green manner is an important part of planning and building your green home. Landscaping consumes a lot of water and maintaining your yard can produce a large amount of carbon monoxide. Green landscaping means selecting plants that reduce the amount of water used to keep them alive.

For the lawn, plant grass that grows very slowly and requires very little water to survive. By planting this type of grass, your lawn would not need to be mowed every week, but maybe only a few times a summer, reducing the amount of exhaust from your mowing activities. Also since water bills are usually calculated by consumption, the less water the yard requires, the lower the water bill.

For the plants and bushes around the home, select hardy plants. Hardy plants are less susceptible to diseases and damaging pests, allowing you to forego or eliminate pesticides and fertilizers. The less of these chemicals that are used the better it is for the environment, reducing the amount of chemicals that run-off of plants during a rainstorm and soak into the ground. This type of run-off of pesticides and fertilizers has the potential to contaminate ground water and drinking water.

Another major consideration with green landscaping is the heat island effect. The heat island effect is heat from the home, from man-made surfaces around the home, and from the lack of appropriate landscaping. The combined heat from these sources can increase the temperature in a community noticeably. Heat islands can cause increased use of air conditioning, increased air pollution and greenhouse gas production, and lower water quality.

For your green home, this effect can make your heating and cooling systems less effective. The right types of landscaping can help prevent the heat island effect. For example, planting our hardy trees, shrubs and plants at least 24 inches away from the house can break up the heat transfer mechanism. In addition, planting deciduous trees on the west side of your green home or along driveways and walkways can be very effective for cooling the house and yard. Plan ahead, though. Trees and bushes growth over time can interfere with the effectiveness of any solar panels that are installed.

When planning your landscaping, plan to install a rain barrel as well. Why not store some of the run-off rainwater for eco-friendly, free water for watering the lawn, plants, scrubs, and trees? In addition to a rain barrel, the ground can be shaped to direct water coming from the roof and the ground during a rainstorm to collect around the plants, shrubs, and trees in the yard. This allows the earth to do your work for you. As the water from the storm drains into the ground, the last part of the ground to dry out is the part of the lawn that received the most water, reducing the amount of tap water needed.

By taking the extra time to address these issues during the design of your green home, you can achieve a beautiful, very low maintenance and environmental-friendly landscaped yard.

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Source by Kimberley Ward

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One of the key defining features of many new homes and renovations from the past decade or so would have to be that of the Open-Plan Design. Eliminating walls between kitchen, dining and living areas to create the illusion of more space has been the trend for several years now. Entertaining and living in such an open way has never felt so integrated and seamless.

However, there are some subtle signs that the Open Plan may not be the ideal for much longer. There are a few flaws in its design, after all. For instance, trying to cool or heat a vast living area with air conditioning can be a costly and time-consuming exercise. Watching the sport on television, with appliances like the dishwasher whirring in the background, can be tedious. And, people with children will relate: there is no room to escape the noise, mess and toys!

We are gradually moving away from closed up rooms, with many older-style houses consisting of lots of smaller rooms which can be sealed with internal doors. With heating and cooling options less accessible to many families, this style was a great way to keep warmth in; to separate adults’ formal sitting rooms for entertaining, and to create separate zones within the home. The last fifteen years or so has seen a huge change to such styles, and it has been all about knocking out walls to create one, huge open living expanse.

Along with the rise of technological use, there is a notable shift away from Open-Plan living and towards creating smaller nooks throughout the home for peace and privacy. Mary Duggan, a UK-based Architect and Judge for the RIBA House of the Year award, has recently spoken on the matter:

‘The world of the open-plan family room has changed quite significantly.

‘We’re getting asked more for snugs, rooms with TV’s or a space where people can go and watch something independently, rather than an open plan space.

‘That was the trend but I think it’s waning. The idea of having a much more ‘broken plan’ seems to be the way our buildings are playing out now.”

– Mary Duggan http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2015/nov/11/broken-plan-living-opening-up-new-spaces-in-home

Looking forward, when planning a renovation or a new build, consider the way technological use has dramatically advanced and will likely continue to be a staple in peoples homes. Home design should consequently reflect this, and be inclusive of smaller nooks, studies or ‘snugs’ designed for using devices such as iPads and tablets. The ‘Broken Plan’ home is the new black!

For further consideration, building inclusions could feature fixtures within these areas such as built-in charger stations, benches and built-in desks to accommodate such devices. Also, consider that many devices will now want to be synced to the nearby television or speaker, and that many high-tech gadgets will now have features which allow the occupant to remotely pull down the blinds, dim the lights etc. It is simply the way of the future, and it makes sense for our home design to reflect such advancements.

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Source by Sophie Hendry

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Air conditioning systems are one of the most popular lifestyle gadgets all over the world. These products are widely used at both homes and workplaces. If you’re planning to purchase air con units for your home, there’re certain factors that you should take into consideration to make a better decision. Specially, if you’re under a budget constraint, go for portable air conditioners. Considering the greater convenience of customers, various models of portable AC units have been introduced to the market by the manufacturing brands. Now, you may ask how the portable variety is better than the rest?

Portable air cons are ideal for homes because of their unparallelled flexibility. Moreover, the cost is another positive aspect of the range of products. As compared to the conventional variety, portable HVAC systems cost almost half. However, the non-portable air conditioners are also a good choice, provided you take into account certain factors:

While installing an AC, consider the following factors to ensure safety in your home and the running efficiency of the system.

Dimension of a room: Determine the physical dimension of the room, where you plan to install the AC. You can choose the air con with the adequate capacity, once you know the length and the breadth of the room. The bigger the room is, an AC with larger the capacity you need. Else, if you go for an AC with smaller capacity in a larger room, it won’t be able to provide with the necessary cooling.

HVAC Kilowatt rating: Kilowatt rating is another vital factor to consider, when it comes to choosing an air conditioner, irrespective of its make or model. The higher this rating is, the greater amount of heat it will be able to remove from the room where it’s installed.

The number of windows: The number of windows also play a role in this aspect. The more rooms you’ve in a room, more heat enters inside. Thus, an AC requires more time to drive away the heat from the room to facilitate effective cooling. On the other hand, the bigger your room is, the cost of running the system will be more.

EER or energy efficiency rating factor: While making the purchase, you also need to check the EER or energy efficiency rating of the product. Ideally, you should go for the product having the highest EER number. This ensures, your domestic air conditioning system runs with greater efficiency on a minimal cost.

Properly insulated home: It’s important to ensure, your home has the proper insulation system in place to support safe running of the HVAC unit. If your home is properly insulated to trap the cold air in summers and hot air in winters, the running cost of the HVAC unit will further be reduced.

Installing an HVAC at home is really not that easy. You’ve to make sure, there’s no loophole anywhere, else it may take a toll on your life and property. Follow the tips discussed above and all the risk factors will automatically be resolved.

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Source by Rick Oogle

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A floor plan is a two-dimensional scale drawing of the planning, size and direction of rooms, doors, walls and windows. Normally the plan shows an aerial view. The plan also includes the location of the heating and cooling facilities, electric lines and plumbing.

In order to create a balanced environment it is necessary to define the space and its limitations. These need to be considered before one decides to move into the new space. This might seem a bother, but is worth the time and money in the long run.

A floor plan should be designed to meet the needs of the family. It is best to ensure that there is not much unused space or too little space. Make sure there is enough room for the whole family, for privacy as well as for all kinds of entertainment. While deciding on a floor plan there are some thing that need to be considered. The ideal location for the garage is near the kitchen, because it is easier to transfer recently bought groceries and empty the garbage. A kitchen is also best when located near the dining room, for the easy transfer of food onto the table.

Everybody prefers to have enough space for storage, so ensure there are enough closets. An ideal place for keeping one’s washing machine would be on the top floor next to the bedrooms, so one need not move up and down the stairs. Certain rooms should be located away from heavy noise. Such rooms will be bedrooms and libraries. If the bedroom is above the garage or near a noisy area, one can install special walls and floors to soundproof the room. It is necessary to measure the living area, including the windows, closets, doors and electrical outlets.

Since defining the space is essential in creating a harmonious environment, it is best to plan it accordingly.

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Source by Kent Pinkerton