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Facts About Optical Attenuator

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An optical attenuator is an electronic device commonly used to decrease the level of power of an optical signal in a fiber optic communication system. In fiber optics, attenuation is also called transmission loss. It is the reduction in light signal intensity with respect to the distance traveled by the signal in a transmission medium. Attenuation is an important element to limit the transmission of a digital signal traveling in large distances. An optical attenuator reduces this optical signal as it travels along a free space or an optical fiber.

Optical fiber attenuators may employ several principles when used in fiber optic communications. One common principle is the gap loss principle. Attenuators using this principle are sensitive to the modal distribution ahead of the attenuator. Thus, they should be utilized at or near the transmitting end. If not, the attenuators could establish less loss than intended. This problem is avoided by attenuators that use absorptive or reflective principles.

There are three basic types of optical attenuator: the fixed attenuator, step-wise attenuator and the continuously variable attenuator. Fixed attenuators reduce light signals by specific amount with negligible or no reflection. Because signal reflection is not an issue, fixed attenuators are known for more accurate data transmission. Important elements associated with fixed attenuators include the flatness over a specified frequency, range, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), amount of attenuation, average and peak power-handling capability, performance over a specific temperature, size and height. Fixed attenuators are also often used to enhance interstage matching in an electronic circuit. Thorlab’s fixed attenuators are available from 5 dB to 25 dB. Mini-Circuits’ fixed attenuators are packaged in rugged plug-in and connector models. They are available in both 50- and 76-ohm models ranging from 1to 40 dB spanning DC to 1500 MHz.

In variable optical attenuators (VOA), resistors are replaced with solid state devices such as the metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFETs) and PIN diodes. VOA attenuates light signal or beam in a controlled manner, thus producing an output optical beam with different attenuated intensity. The attenuator adjusts the power ratio between the light beam coming from the device and the light beam entering the device over a changeable rate. VOA is usually used in fiber optic communication systems to regulate optical power levels in order to prevent damages in optical receivers which may be due to irregular or fluctuating power levels. The price of commercial VOA varies depending on the manufacturing technology used. Some of manufacturers of VOA are Timbercon and Arcoptix.

Timbercon claims that its optical attenuator units produce precision levels of attenuation, with the added flexibility of adjustment. Timbercon’s variable attenuators are available in single mode and multi-mode versions. They have low insertion loss and back reflection. The attenuators are also compact in size and available in multiple packaging options. Arcoptix’s electrical adjustable variable attenuators are a liquid crystal device which allows the precise control of the attenuation of beams traveling in free space. These attenuators can be adjusted in milliseconds with a simple square wave bias between 0 and 10 volts.

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Source by Gavin Cruise

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Basic Home Thermal Energy Saving Tips – Saving Secrets A Family Should Know

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One of the reasons why most people have high electricity bills is because of their continuous use of heating systems or devices like thermostat in order to warm up their homes, commonly known as home thermal energy. If heating systems do not fit into your budget yet, then you must at least find ways to conserve energy and minimize your expenses on utilities. Here you’ll learn some of the basic home thermal power saving tips that you might find really useful on your journey towards achieving significantly lower energy consumption.

Examine if there are drafts in your homes. One of the reasons why households are not able to save from their monthly electric bill and spend most part of their energy consumption to heating is because there are drafts within the bounds of their homes, mostly on windows, doors, walls, and ceilings. Whether a small draft or a big one, there is no difference, it will still let cold air brought by winter pass through and then let heat escape. This means that you will have to spend more time heating your home in such a higher temperature. Definitely leaves no room for you to save from consuming more power to warm up your home.

Lower your thermostat down. You may notice the difference when this is done only overnight. But as you go over a month with one degree lower than your usual heating temperature, you will definitely see the surprising changes with your bills.

Heat only those parts of the house that are regularly used. If you really are serious about saving home thermal energy, then you must do even the simplest ways just to lower down your energy consumption. Heat only the parts of your house which are in frequent use such as living rooms, dining areas, and a few bedrooms.

Insulate your home. By insulating your house, you are able to reduce or even eliminate the chances of the warm air escaping. Another simple way to save home thermal energy is to set aside your curtains and let the heat of the sun inside your home.

Energy sources like Wind, Hydro, Thermal, Geothermal, and Solar can completely overthrow the use of fossil fuels. Primarily, these sources do not damage the natural environment. Saving home thermal energy does not necessarily require much of the modern “improvements”. With a few simple acts, you can be able to lower down your energy consumption as well as your electricity bills.

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Source by Orlando Racelis

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Design Trends: From Open-Plan to "Broken Plan"

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One of the key defining features of many new homes and renovations from the past decade or so would have to be that of the Open-Plan Design. Eliminating walls between kitchen, dining and living areas to create the illusion of more space has been the trend for several years now. Entertaining and living in such an open way has never felt so integrated and seamless.

However, there are some subtle signs that the Open Plan may not be the ideal for much longer. There are a few flaws in its design, after all. For instance, trying to cool or heat a vast living area with air conditioning can be a costly and time-consuming exercise. Watching the sport on television, with appliances like the dishwasher whirring in the background, can be tedious. And, people with children will relate: there is no room to escape the noise, mess and toys!

We are gradually moving away from closed up rooms, with many older-style houses consisting of lots of smaller rooms which can be sealed with internal doors. With heating and cooling options less accessible to many families, this style was a great way to keep warmth in; to separate adults’ formal sitting rooms for entertaining, and to create separate zones within the home. The last fifteen years or so has seen a huge change to such styles, and it has been all about knocking out walls to create one, huge open living expanse.

Along with the rise of technological use, there is a notable shift away from Open-Plan living and towards creating smaller nooks throughout the home for peace and privacy. Mary Duggan, a UK-based Architect and Judge for the RIBA House of the Year award, has recently spoken on the matter:

‘The world of the open-plan family room has changed quite significantly.

‘We’re getting asked more for snugs, rooms with TV’s or a space where people can go and watch something independently, rather than an open plan space.

‘That was the trend but I think it’s waning. The idea of having a much more ‘broken plan’ seems to be the way our buildings are playing out now.”

– Mary Duggan http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2015/nov/11/broken-plan-living-opening-up-new-spaces-in-home

Looking forward, when planning a renovation or a new build, consider the way technological use has dramatically advanced and will likely continue to be a staple in peoples homes. Home design should consequently reflect this, and be inclusive of smaller nooks, studies or ‘snugs’ designed for using devices such as iPads and tablets. The ‘Broken Plan’ home is the new black!

For further consideration, building inclusions could feature fixtures within these areas such as built-in charger stations, benches and built-in desks to accommodate such devices. Also, consider that many devices will now want to be synced to the nearby television or speaker, and that many high-tech gadgets will now have features which allow the occupant to remotely pull down the blinds, dim the lights etc. It is simply the way of the future, and it makes sense for our home design to reflect such advancements.

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Source by Sophie Hendry

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Does a Planer Belong in Your Workshop?

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Planers can be used for a variety of tasks including milling glued-up hardwood panels, thicknessing and surfacing lumber and making mouldings. Some of these tasks can be duplicated by other machines such as a wide-belt sanding machine or a drum sander. When you have digested the contents of this article, you should have enough information to make and informed purchasing decision.

In the “old days” (whenever that was) lumber was simply sawn out of logs and left to air dry. If you wanted to be able to see the grain so that it could be matched with other boards, it had to be planed. If you wanted it planed, you needed a long bed hand plane and a lot of skill. With the invention of the planer, no one needed to plane boards by hand any more and the practice stopped in the name of “progress.” Today, most boards are delivered already thickness planed and some are even straight line ripped on one edge, making things very easy for the woodworker. So, why own a planer?

Thickness planing does not end at the lumber yard. Lumber, once edge glued into panels is still uneven and the boards are never in perfect alignment with each other. Something must take this rough panel from, say, 1 7/8″ down to its final thickness of, say, 1 ½”, smooth both sides. There are two ways of doing this that I know of: an abrasive planer (wide-belt sander or drum sander) or a planer that uses knives in a cutterhead.

A combination of a knife planer and an abrasive planer would be ideal but not always affordable. This is because planers have a way of tearing chips out of loose grain. They are, however, much faster in removing material than a sanding machine. A sanding machine will never tear out chips but it may use up a lot of valuable production time. So, in an ideal world, where money didn’t matter, you could do most of the thicknessing with the planer and then finish up to the final thickness dimension with the sanding machine.

In fact, if you have the money and need to do your woodworking on an industrial scale, there are machines with a planer head followed by two or more sanding heads. I had the chance to use such a machine for several years. A friendly competitor bought it for his woodworking firm in Hawaii and had it shipped in by ocean freight from the mainland.

This giant machine, made by Cemco, used 880 volt, 3 phase motors. A ten HP motor ran the conveyor belt and the one planing and two sanding heads each had 60 HP electric motors. It could plane and sand panels 52 inches wide. In size, it looked like a large, industrial printing press. My friend bought into a sawmill and had Hawaiian Koa wood shipped by barge from the Big Island to Oahu where he had constructed a dehumidification kiln next to the Cemco machine. Eventually, he over-extended himself financially and had to close his business. He found a buyer for the planer/sander but he had to ship the huge machine all the way back to the mainland because no one in Hawaii had a use for such a machine. Of course, I don’t know what your plans are for a planer but I’m pretty sure you won’t be buying a Cemco any time soon. That still leaves a lot of sizes and types of planers to discuss.

A planer/jointer uses the same cutterhead for planing as it does for jointing. It looks like a jointer but it also has a space underneath the jointer table where you insert boards for planing. You feed the boards in one direction on the jointer table, above the cutterhead, and in the opposite direction through the planer underneath the cutterhead. This is because the cutterhead only spins in one rotational direction. A planer, if it has molding capability becomes a molder simply by removing the straight knives and replacing them with profile cutters.

Most planers are constructed with the cutterhead mounted in the top part of the machine and a metal table with rollers underneath the lumber being planed. The thickness is adjusted by raising and lowering the table with relationship to the cutterhead above. The lumber is driven through the machine by the front roller or rollers which are usually serrated for better grip. The outfeed rollers are at the same height as the infeed rollers but they are usually not powered and are shiny and smooth. There are some large, expensive planers in which all rollers are powered.

There are three types of cutterheads: straight knife, spiral and helical. The terms “spiral” and helical are often used interchangeably although this is inaccurate. There are strong similarities between the spiral and helical types but there IS a difference as I will explain. Straight knives are used on most planers in the less expensive range. For the most part, straight knives are fine but they do have two drawbacks: they are difficult to align with each other after changing and they tend to tear out loose grain more easily.

Helical and spiral heads get around both problems to a large degree. It has been found that a bunch of small cutter blades arrayed in a spiral wrap around the cutterhead will minimize splintering. Helical knives are usually square or rectangular in shape and sharpened on either 2 or 4 sides. They are mounted directly onto the face of the cutterhead and, thus, require no adjustment to align them with each other. To change a cutter in a helical head, you simply remove the screw that holds it in place. If there are unused edges on the cutter, you can rotate that cutter to exposed the new edge to the wood and then replace the screw. You buy cutters by the box and replace them as needed: Sometime you replace just a few that have become nicked. At other times, all cutters have been dulled on all sides and it is time to replace them all.

The spiral cutterhead is different from the helical head in that Spiral Planer Cutterhead, a whole row of cutters, connected together in a flexible strip are attached to the spiral head, One row at a time. There are spiral tracks or indentations in the heads that locate the cutter strips. There may be three or so tracks on a spiral cutterhead. Helical cutterheads are much more common than spiral heads.

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Source by Bob Gillespie

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Postnatal ‘Confinement’ Food – Part 2

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Everybody will ask you to eat only ‘ healthy’ food and avoid cold or cooling food as your body is cold after childbirth. This applies to the 3 main races in Malaysia but sometimes, what is considered ‘healthy’ may be ‘cooling’ for another which increases our dilemma. The best option is to try out the food as far as your culture and religion advices and learn to substitute the ingredients wherever possible to suit your taste. I am afraid that my culinary expertise is limited to Chinese and Western food so I can only talk about this type of food at this moment in time.

Traditional Chinese confinement food consists mainly of old ginger, rice wine, sesame oil, black vinegar, some warming alcohol, lots of meat especially kampong chicken and lean pork, white fish such as white pomfret and some vegetables.

Apparently, you are supposed to eat 30 chickens, 12 bottles of rice wine and 15 kilos of old ginger root during this period. Whether you can achieve this target is up to you but I find that most women nowadays cannot manage it. On average, if you do practice what is recommended, the cost could easily be about RM 1000.00 ++ just for the food only.

Food to avoid during the first week only

Ginger – Delays healing of wounds and increase risk of jaundice in baby. Substitute with peppercorn or garlic.

Fish – Causes foul smelling lochia or discharge.

Alcohols which are recommended for consumption during the confinement month are: Brandy, Yomeishu, rice wine and Guinness Malta because they are ‘yang’. If you are a non-drinker, this sudden consumption may cause alcohol rash, redness in the face and heart palpitations, so do take it easy. Alcohol does go to the baby through breast milk, so if you want a good night’s sleep, drink the alcohol after your dinner. The content of alcohol is reduced during cooking therefore you might consider adding it to your food during cooking instead of drinking it neat. Guinness Malta is non alcoholic and has high iron content therefore is suitable if you are anemic. Pulut rice is rich in iron therefore is used to make rice wine for postnatal nursing mothers. The rice is low in fat and free of cholesterol with high dietary fiber to reduce risk of heart attack and diabetes. It is better known as Shaoxing wine.

Drinks

It is believed that iced or cold drinks may cause severe shock to the system and further weaken the ‘cold’ body therefore it is strongly recommended that boiled warm teas are consumed throughout the day as they are supposed to help heat up the womb. For those who do not believe in these teas you may try drinking Chamomile tea which is beneficial for the baby as well, because it helps to reduce wind

Soups

Soup is a nutritious replacement for water. You can use any meat for stock. The meat supplies fat that is essential for extraction of fat soluble nutrients. Drinking soup about 1 hour before breastfeeding may help to increase milk flow. Chinese soups are usually clear and easier to drink compared to creamy western soups and it is less fattening.

Below are some food ingredients that you might want to add to your diet during the postnatal ‘confinement’ month.

Boxthorn fruit or Chinese wolf berry is best known to correct poor eyesight and eye strain. Used in conjunction with other herbs it is effective for improving energy and strength

Chinese angelica root or dong kwai is supposed to nourish the female organs, alleviate menstrual pain and prevent hemorrhage.

Chinese yam (wai san) used in conjunction with meat and other herbs aids digestion, regulate sugar level and control inflammation of the uterus. The dried variety must be soaked for at least 15 minutes before use to remove the powder

Solomon’s seal (yok chuk) is used to alleviate many ailments especially those affecting the throat and lungs

Sesame oil, besides being rich in Vitamin E, Iron & Calcium, helps heal the womb and rid it of “dirty residual blood”.

Chestnuts invigorate vital energy. Resolves fatigue depression and irritability. High in phosphorous, selenium and calcium

Black vinegar is made from glutinous rice and lowers ph of food. It leaches calcium from bones cooked with it, therefore it is used to prepare high calcium food especially for breast feeding mothers and it also relieves a windy abdomen.

Dill has antibacterial and antispasmodic properties. It is a warming herb which aids digestion, gets rid of gas, encourages lactation, freshens the breath and soothes colic. It is the main ingredient in Gripe water.

Almonds and walnuts contain leucine and isoleucine which are amino acids that regulates growth, blood sugar and wound healing.

Malay confinement food is the same as normal but with a lot of jamu which is basically natural herbal remedies used internally and externally for health and beauty. Make sure the products are registered with the Ministry of Health and that they are locally produced

Kani seeds contain antioxidants to promote youthfulness, tighten vaginal muscles, prevents excessive discharge, odour and itchiness. It firms the breasts and promotes healing of the reproductive system after childbirth.

Gallanggal is a member of the ginger family and it functions as an antibiotic. It warms the body, cleanses the blood, improves appetite, reduces wind and energizes the muscles.

Pegaga leaves increases energy, helps ease sleeping problems, improves blood circulation.

Turmeric functions as an antibiotic and promotes a healthy circulatory system.

Drumstick leaves are rich in proteins, vitamin C and A, beta-carotene, iron, calcium, potassium and other minerals. Because of their nutrients and ability to encourage milk flow, they are a valuable food for survival in impoverished countries.

The most important thing to remember is that you must be comfortable with what you eat. Do not force yourself to eat something that you do not like or will cause problems later. Although you are ‘in confinement’ you are not a prisoner per se.

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Source by Cecilia Koh

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Egg Cups: The Boiled Egg’s Metamorphosis

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Since the European olden days, egg holders have truly brought elegance and a new way of eating a boiled egg. For many who never quite encountered kitchen egg cups would often find themselves scratching for answers as to what that particular thing is for.

An American would surely do so but a European would gladly start munching the egg out from the cup with swift elegant movement without even spilling the yolk. Yes, ladies and gentlemen, this set have been used to hold eggs, specifically boiled eggs in their shells, as they await their ultimate death of being eaten by people.

The amazing to way to eat an egg out of its shell is through the use of egg cups. A single egg is placed in a cup holder which is structurally made in the form and to cater the shape of an egg. Using a sharp knife, the top is being cut off through and through. The top is taken off and with a spoon, the egg is being scoop from top to bottom.

This style keeps the yolk from not spilling and saves you a lot from embarrassment. This particular traditional usage of this kitchenware was popularly known in Europe and was traced to be practice since the olden times of kings and queen of most European countries. Now, it has travelled across America to spread its wonders and sprinkle some light of elegance and antiquity in a modern breakfast table.

This kitchenware is being sold in the market with different styles and designs. These include the vintage egg cups, white, novelty and fun egg cups all fit to entice your little angel’s attention. In terms of material for these, each one represents an epitome of title for a particular egg cup. Take for example those made of glass. A glass material is an attractive serving ware that comes with colorful silicone rests to hold the eggs safely.

The porcelain ones, on the other hand, give an aesthetic and elegant look. Some models are being sold in the market that comes along with a plate. These cups are actually hand painted to give it an exquisite finish. The egg cups set made of chrome wire usually take a spiral shape. The fun egg cups made out of melamine do come with attractive colors plus stackable bases that can be placed one above the other to mimic a tower. Last but not the least, the stainless steel cups which are quite handy as they are easily being cleaned and is proven to be durable. To ensure portion control and in creating a perfect poached egg, this material is often used.

When buying this kind of kitchenware from the market it is good to know common tips to keep you focus on the task. As you eye for that perfect porcelain kitchenware, make sure they are dishwasher, oven, freezer and microwave safe. As for handmade or hand painted cups, they are quite incredible to make as useful and lovely gifts. If you have trouble handling one egg at a time, it is practical to buy double designs. Lastly, try to select a non-slip, non-stick cup set that should ideally serve boiled eggs to your cute little children. Such egg cups are known to cater one to easily eat eggs and these cups are usually heat resistant.

If you would take some time to look at each and scrutinize their every function, you’ll certainly get to appreciate the long kept European tradition of elegance and chick way of eating an egg. But of course, adding a little American twist to your tableware is not such a bad idea at all. So, to you, ordinary and boring boiled egg, good riddance and hello to you wacky and fun egg cups of the modern century!

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Source by Wayne Nusbaum

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Cooling Vests to Protect Football Players from the Heat

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It is August. It is summer. It is hot, and it is kick-off time across the country as pre-season football practice begins. Players will expect to get hot and sweaty, as their coaches attempt to whip them into shape. However a combination of hot/humid weather, tough conditioning drills and players unaccustomed to practicing in the heat, can make August a deadly and dangerous month.

Despite all the warnings, the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research reports that 24 football players (19 high school, 3 college and 2 professional) have died from heatstroke since 1995.

The main problem associated with exercising in the hot weather is the water loss through sweating. However drinking water is simply not enough. In extremely hot weather the body will sweat at a rate faster than water can be absorbed into the system. So how can we reduce the amount of sweating, while at the same time help the body to regulate its core body temperature?

The answer is the Arctic Heat Body Cooling Vest. A lightweight cool vest which will not only help to protect athletes from heat related illness, but it will also allow athletes to work harder for longer.

The Arctic Heat cooling vest was originally developed for football players in Australia and it now used by International teams in every other major football code in the world. Rugby League, Rugby Union, Soccer and Australian Rules Football all use the cooling vest to protect their athletes and to improve their performance. It was also used at the Athens Olympics by all the major sporting countries, including many of the USA teams. The military in Iraq are even using the Arctic Heat cooling vests.

“The Arctic Heat Cooling Vest, designed for football, will legally improve performance and will also help protect an athlete’s health,” said Dr John Surie, President of Arctic Heat USA.

The ice cold cooling vest can be worn underneath playing uniforms, it can be used as a pre-cooling device before conditioning drills, and it can be used as a recovery tool in between or after sessions.

Yet enquiries from local football teams have so far been limited. “There seems to be a different mentality in football that you have to run players hard and make them sweat, in order to toughen them up. We believe it is better to cool down and fire up athletes. Most other sporting codes in the world now agree with us,” said Dean Sainsbury from the Arctic Heat company.

Arctic Heat has also developed a range of unique cooling blankets and cooling caps which can be used to immediately treat players who have overheated. “The cooling caps can be used during a game to cool players down. When they come to the bench they can remove their helmets, put the cool cap on, and cool down,” said Dr Surie.

The lightweight Arctic Heat Cooling Vest uses a two stage cooling process. The vests contain a gel-like substance that can be frozen or chilled. The cooling vests are manufactured using Woolmark’s Sportwool, a special body cooling fabric which incorporates Vapor Management Technology, helping to wick moisture away from the skin, allowing the user to keep dry.

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Source by John Surie

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Exhaust Fans For Basement Ventilation

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Exhaust fans are a type of exhaust or forced ventilation method. According to the ASHRAE Standard number 62.1 titled ‘Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality’, the air in homes must be of acceptable quality. The Government of Australia’s Department of Environment estimates that Australians spend about 90% of their time indoors. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) places the cost of poor indoor air quality at 12 billion Australian Dollars annually. This is borne both by the individual in their own capacity and as a taxpayer to the National Government.

So how can this be reduced significantly? One way is by using exhaust fans.

Exhaust fans fall under the category of exhaust only ventilation systems. This is how these systems work generally: they decompress the air in the room, creating an area of low pressure. As a result, outside air comes rushing in. Cleaner cooler air comes rushing in during the summer for instance, despite the heat. These fans can be fixed on the exterior part of the building, or with the ‘faces’ facing the air inlet or outlet.

Types of this fan are:

1. Inline Exhaust Fans

These line vents and propel the air that flows along them.

2. Ceiling fans

Fans that are fixed on the ceiling generally displace warm air downwards. In this case, that warm stale air is directed to vents on the roof of the basement where it is let out.

3. Exterior fans

These are installed and housed outside the building. Sometimes fans can be quite noisy, being mechanical devices. In this case, your home remains quiet since it works outside. They draw all the stale air from the home.

4. Wall fans

These are mounted on the walls inside the basement. They circulate the air in the room and expel the stale.

5. Multifunctional Exhaust fans

These have the ability to heat, light and ventilate. This feature is a big plus for this kind of fan.

Fans can also be graded as single point, two point or multiple point.

The required ventilation rate required by ASHRAE for an area like the basement should not exceed 200 feet per cubic meter.

The Department of Environment in the Australian Government lists organic compounds as the biggest pollutants. Some of these, concluded after research, are benzene, Carbon monoxide and mold. When carbon monoxide is inhaled in large volumes, it causes death. This is especially so in rooms with poor ventilation. It is the worst killer since it is odorless and colorless. The most likely sources of this gas are furnaces, fireplaces and cigarette smoke.

Exhaust fans, when used in basement ventilation, will solve these problems for you. They simply get rid of the pollutants and let in cleaner, fresher air.

As they work, these fans can be noisy as mentioned earlier. When selecting one, go for a silenced one or one with a sound rating of less than 1 on the sone scale. The last thing you need is constant banging and incessant grinding sounds when the fans rotate.

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Source by Matt Reardon

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How Does a Chilled Water Air Conditioning System Work?

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Even though standard air conditioners are everywhere, they tend to use a lot of energy and generate quite a lot of heat. They can be hard to maintain, especially in large installations like commercial buildings and office spaces.

Chilled water air conditioning systems are particularly great for large spaces like schools and hospitals because they’re cost-effective and contribute to indoor air quality. These systems use chilled water as part of the cooling process and absorb heat from indoor spaces.

In this article, we’ll take a look at how chilled water air conditioning systems work.

How Does It Work?

A chilled water system is where the entire air conditioning unit is either installed behind the building or on the roof. Once the water is cooled, it’s connected to air handlers and piped throughout the space.

Chilled Water System Components

Evaporator Cylinder

The evaporator cylinder is where chilled water is produced that’s used for air conditioning. The water exits the evaporator cylinder when it’s around 45 degrees F and moves up into the riser so it can travel to the air handing units on different floors of the building.

Air Handling Unit

The chilled water moves through a coil as it enters the air handling unit. It absorbs the heat from the indoor air and releases cooler air that is circulated throughout the building. Once it flows out of the coil, it’s about 55 degrees Fahrenheit. The warmer water then flows back to the evaporator to get cooled again.

Condenser Cylinder

A refrigerant cycle is what connects the evaporator to the condenser cylinder and ensures that the heat keeps flowing out of the evaporator and into the condenser. The two water lines don’t interact with each other. The condenser water which happens to be warm moves up into the riser from where it travels to the cooling tower that’s located on the roof of the building.

Cooling Tower

The cooling tower is where the warm water is cooled again using fans that pull in ambient air to absorb the heat from the water and release it into the atmosphere. Once the water has cooled off a bit, it flows back to the condenser cylinder.

Fan Coil Units

The chilled water is then piped into fan coil units that contain fans and fins. These fans absorb heat from the atmosphere via the air-heat exchange process. Each fan coil comes with its own thermostat that’s used to regulate the amount of cooling required for the application.

While cooling the space, the water temperature rises up by 10 degrees Fahrenheit and returns to the evaporator where it’s cooled off again before it’s pumped back into the fan coil units.

Chilled water systems are ideal for cooling medium and large spaces. Even though the upfront cost can be quite a bit, lower maintenance costs and higher energy efficiency make up for it. They’re available in various sizes and designs for different applications.

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Source by Mike Petty

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Save Time And Money With A Healthy Food Delivery Service

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When many people hear of a food delivery service, they think of the regular fast food. This isn’t the case as there are many food delivery services that deliver fresh, organic, healthy food.

Benefits of a healthy food delivery service

Healthy food: This is an obvious benefit. Since the food delivery service will be supplying you with healthy food, you will eat healthy food thus live a healthy life. In addition to being more productive in life, eating healthy food also results in weight loss. This increases your self-confidence and life expectancy.

Convenience: With a food delivery service you don’t have to go to the kitchen to prepare the food. In fact, you don’t have to leave your seat. All you need to do is make a phone call or place an online order and the healthy food will be delivered at your doorstep. It doesn’t matter whether you are in the office or at home-the they will deliver the food to you.

Save money: Let us be honest-healthy food doesn’t come cheap. Many people believe that they will save money when they prepare their meals but this isn’t the case. Since you will be buying small units of the foods, you end up spending a lot of money. Since they buy the food in large amounts, they usually attract large discounts thus get the food at low prices. Consequently, they supply you the food at lower prices.

More options: The delivery companies provide you with many types of food to choose from. You should choose the food you want depending on your needs and budget. If you have a special condition such as diabetes, most of the companies will supply you with the special meals.

Tasty food: Since the delivery companies are in business and want to have you as a repeat customer, they prepare their meals professionally which ensures that the meals are not only nutritious, but also tasty and pleasing to the eye.

Who should go for the healthy food delivery services?

The delivery companies are ideal for everyone looking to enjoy a healthy, tasty meal. Bachelors, professionals, and women with small children are the most common people that should consider it since they have little time to search and prepare the meals. If you are a career person, you are held up most of the time in the office. With the food delivery service, you have the convenience of the food being delivered to your desired location at your desired time.

Guide to choosing a food delivery service

There are many healthy food delivery services but few are right for you. For you to have an easy time you should consider a number of factors before you settle on a given company. One of the factors is the ease of use of the company’s platform. As rule of thumb, go for a company with an easy-to-use platform. You should also consider the reputation of the company. For peace of mind, go for a company with a great reputation.

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Source by Satvik Mittal