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The Scotsman

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In the years following the fall of Camelot the continued struggle to unite England waged on. To the north in Scotland warring factions of Vikings continued their brutal and savage pillaging of local inhabitants. For over three hundred years up until the 9th century both England and Scotland were so divided wars and bloodshed was a fact of life. So little time for peace and prosperity and what little there was of both swiftly came to a violent and savage end. Out of this period rode a man who would change the landscape of England and Scotland. Silas Moore a Saxon noble whose own linage can be traced to the court of Charlemagne arrived in Southern England at a time when the English Saxons were constantly being threatened by Danish invaders from the East.

Silas a tall fair skinned man with flowing reddish hair, bearing a scar across his left cheek knew the ways of war as very few men of his time knew. From the time he was born in 850 AD Silas was groomed for combat. By the age of 10 he already was an excellent marksman and at full gallop could shoot an arrow straight through a standing target. When he turned 19 he was in the court and at the right side of Charles King of Aquitane because of his bravely in fighting the invading Vikings. When Charles died in 877 Silas took leave and headed across the channel. After all he was very well suited to serve Alfred the Great in a time when they both needed each other.

In 877 with his loyal followers he and his men made their way to Wessex. With the Danish invading all along the east coast of Britain it was Silas that eventually came to the aid of the new Saxon King. For the next 9 years Silas and his men fought the Vikings. Battle after battle the savagery only continued. Where ever Silas went he was met by invading Norsemen. By 885 Silas Moore that noble Saxon who single handily defeated many of the Vikings attacks now aligned himself with Alfred The Great. It was Silas after all that secured Alfred The Great’s future success in defeating the Dames at the Battle of Ashdowners. In doing so Silas Moore earned his place at the side of Alfred the Great. It had been almost ten long years since Silas was again at the service of a King. Although the victory at Ashcowners was short lived for the next two years the Danes continued to wage war. Soon the battles reached Alfred’s court in Wessex and it was Silas who convinced Alfred retreat to the marches that surrounded the town. Silas then used his military training to usher in tactics that have become known as Guerrilla warfare. With Silas’s help Alfred finally defeated the invading Danes.

It was Silas whose own military skill that helped secure the last remaining independent Saxon stronghold in Wessex England. By 886 with the aid of Silas Alfred forged a treaty with the Danes leaving a divided England. The North and East of England between the Thames and the Tess rivers was to be Danish territory while Alfred gained control to the West and South. Now that peace had finally been achieved Silas turned his attention to the North, Scotland awaits. With his band of brothers ever so loyal to Silas they made their way into the highlands of Scotland. It was at this time the Vikings landed in the Orkneys and Northern Scotland. This was around 888 A.D. under their chief, Stirgud the Stout. When Silas reached the Roman Antonine Wall he was greeted by Hugh McGreggor. The McGreggors’ were the military arm of Donald II.

It was some 400 years earlier that the Romans in their attempt to conquer Scotland built the Antoine wall in the center of Scotland in a vain attempt to contain the northern tribes of Picts and Celts. After the Romans left and for the next 400 years Scotland continued to be brutally and savagely attacked by invading Norsemen. By 887 the Norsemen were only continuing their attacks. The savagery of the Vikings was only matched by the brutality of the McGreggor’s and even Silas. In the fall of 887 it was up to the McGreggors to come from the east and his band of fighters to try again to stop the Vikings. But, when Hugh McGreggor met up with the arriving Silas he now knew that the two combined forces could mount a counter offensive in driving the marauding Vikings back into the North Sea.

The mission to unite Scotland and drive the Vikings back across the North Sea seemed realistic now that Silas and his men arrived. It was just like old times when Silas arrived in Scotland. For it was just a few years ago Silas arrived in the nick of time to help Alfred The Great. When the Vikings attacked and destroyed the village of Dumbarton Silas and Hugh McGreggor mounted the counter offensive that would seal the fate of Scotland. With stealth and cunning Silas and his men managed to trick the Vikings into thinking that the McGreggors were going to attack from the North when they were actually going to sneak up from the south in the cover of darkness.

On the night of October 13th the McGreggor’s men slowly moved in while Silas came from the West. With his band of men they inched closer to the Viking encampment with their horses in tow. Just when they say the flames of their fires they quickly mounted and charged into the slumbering Viking camp. Riding tall in his saddle with Broad Sword in hand red hair flowing Silas was the first to swoop down severing the heads of Vikings as he and his men galloped on through the now awakening Vikings. Soon panic spread and blood spilled covering the ground red. The McGreggor’s army galloping through the encampment using bows and arrows, swords and spears as they managed a bloody and savage retaliation upon the Norsemen. One by one the Vikings fell. The battle was over in less the three hours. Stirgud the Stout was captured when he fell of his horse just as Silas was about to strike.

The captured Viking chief was begging for his freedom promising never to return if he was let free. Upon their return to Dumbarton Castle where Hugh knew King Donald was held captive it was Silas that negotiated an exchange for their chief if the rest of the Vikings relinquish their hold of the Castle and release Donald II. In this exchange Silas would grant the remaining Norseman safe passage back to the east coast where they were free to sail back across the north sea. The exchange was met and on a dark late October day both Stirgud and King Donald II were set free.

This peace though came at a high price thousands of Vikings lay dead in the Highlands just a few miles from Dumbarton Castle and too many Scott’s gave their lives in defense of their homeland. As for Silas the bloody years of fighting took its toll. As he watched the last Viking ship set sail the sun had already set on the life and times of one of histories long forgotten knights in a time known as the Dark Ages.

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Source by Dr. Tim G Williams

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Formation of a Company in the UK

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Companies are formed in the United Kingdom by preparing Form 10, Form 12, the memorandum of association and articles of association and sending them to Companies House, with the prescribed fee, which is presently set at £20.00, however an express registration service costs £50.00.

Form 10 is made available by Companies House – in the UK, this is the trading name of the Register of Companies (“the Registrar”) – to nominate the first directors of the company, in addition to the first registered address of the company in England, Scotland or Wales. The directors must provide their home address, occupation,, date of birth and the other companies in which they have been a director over the last five years.

Form 12 is simply a statutory declaration that the legal requirements to form a company have been complied with, and must be signed by a solicitor or the person or one of the first directors of the company, and witnessed by a commissioner of oaths or solicitor.

There are four basic types of companies that may be formed in under UK law:

  • Private companies, limited by shares

The main features of companies limited by shares are that shareholders’ liability is limited to the amount that they must pay for their shares. These are the popular form of company for this reason. Shares may be issued without a requirement for immediate payment for the shares, however like other companies, the company may issue ‘calls’, which are demands issued by the company to the shareholders for payment. In the event that the shareholder does not pay the call, the shares may be forfeited to the company.

Private companies limited by shares may have 1 subscriber.

  • Private companies, limited by guarantee

Shareholders’ liability is capped not limited in the same way for companies limited by guarantee. When a shareholder purchases shares in a company limited by guarantee, the shareholder must agree to contribute to the company’s assets in the event of a winding up. This limit, or guarantee may be as little as £1..00.

Private companies limited by shares may have 1 subscriber.

  • Private unlimited

Unlike the other forms of companies, shareholders’ liability in the event of a winding up is unlimited, which makes a shareholding in unlimited company the rough equivalent to trading as a partnership or sole trader, where personal liability is also unlimited.

Private companies limited by shares must have 2 subscribers.

  • Public limited

Public companies differ from the types of private companies listed above in that the shares of the company may be offered to the public at large. Nevertheless, shareholders’ liability is restricted in the same way as that which applies to private companies – the shareholders’ liability is restricted to the sum they are obliged to pay for their shares.

Private companies limited by shares must have 2 subscribers.

Registered Office

The purpose of the registered address is for statutory notices to be sent by the Registrar and correspondence by the public. In the event that a company does not respond to correspondence from the Registrar, it will eventually be struck off the Register of Companies, as the address is not effective.

Directors

For private entities, a director may also be the secretary provided there is another director. Undischarged bankrupts and those disqualified by the court from holding office are prohibited from accepting appointments as directors unless special permission has been granted. Minors may be appointed in special circumstances. The Act provides that the age of statutory senility for directors of public companies reaching the age of 70. A general meeting may be convened however to reappoint the director.

Memorandum of Association

The memorandum of association defines the corporate powers of the company. They govern the powers of the company, and is one of the two documents comprising the constitution. That is, what is has the power to do, and what it does not. These provisions of the memorandum are the ‘objects’ of the company. When a company purports to exercise a power that it does not have, it is said to be acting ultra vires. The memorandum must specify the authorised capital of the company, that is the number and class of shares that it may issue; the registered office.

Articles of Association

The articles of a company govern the relationship between the company, the directors, and the shareholders. These are the key relationships within the company and the articles serve to regulate the internal affairs of the company between these capacities. It is the articles of association that are referred to when seeking to determine the powers of the company, shareholders or directors.

The articles for instance may dictate that the company must have a minimum number of directors.

Shareholders’ Agreements are contracts between the shareholders of a company to regulate the conduct of the shareholders as between one another, and may impose obligations and duties over and above that existing in the articles of association.

The Role of the Company Secretary

The company secretary is the chief administrative officer, and has the power to bind the company in respect to its administrative affairs. The secretary’s responsibilities are defined by their contract of service to the company and the articles of association, and includes the keeping of minutes, maintaining the statutory registers and preparing notifications to shareholders, amongst many other responsibilities.

The Register of Companies

Companies House maintains a register of all the companies existing in the United Kingdom. The Register is public and available to be searched by members of the public. The activities of the company must be reported to the Registrar so that the Register is kept current. the Registrar provides forms to do this, such as appointments of directors and the company secretary (Form 288a), resignations of directors and the company secretary (Form 288b), changes to the company name, changes to the registered address (Form 287), returns of allotments of shares (ie, when shares are issued to shareholders) (Form 88(2)), and increases in share capital (Form 123).

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Source by L Ellis

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Cheap Bulk Deals Online – Learn How to Buy in Bulk and Save Lots of Money

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Looking for an easy way to buy in bulk online? Thinking of going to Costco but only need to buy one particular item in bulk? Are you sick of wasting a whole lot of time and gas money in this tailspin of an economy just to get a good deal somewhere out of the way? Normally people end up paying retail prices for what they need when they need it so they end up going to their local supermarket to buy those widgets individually wrapped each costing X amount of dollars. Think about how many times a year you buy a package of batteries from a local grocery store. If batteries have a shelf life up to five years, then you could save five times as many trips to the grocery store for batteries, not to mention huge cost savings by buying in bulk to last that long. Imagine how much you’ll save if you buy products in bulk that have an unlimited shelf life. Costco prides itself on wholesale prices as you buy in bulk, but these are closer to retail prices. Next time try bulk buying online. eBay is a great place to start. In fact, many reputable eBay sellers sell products in bulk based out of the country of manufacture, predominantly China and Hong Kong, so you are removing the middleman from the equation.

When you cut out the middleman you save yourself a lot of money. A wholesale lot is usually a term used to describe an item that is bundled in bulk on a pallet sitting in a warehouse ready for distribution to local retail outlets. You don’t have to be a retailer to buy wholesale lots. When searching for bulk deals on eBay try out a search for “lot of” and the name of the item such as “widgets”. If you are looking for a certain number of widgets, try out a search for a “lot of 100 widgets”. This search will yield all of the auctions or buy it now listings featuring 100 widgets for sale. Usually an auction will always be the better deal if you can win one. If you are not in a hurry I would highly recommend participating in auction style listings. You just have to place a big over the current bid price, preferably the highest price you are willing to pay for the lot, and the selling price will be the absolute highest bid made by the highest bidder. If you don’t have time for auctions to end you should check out the BIN (Buy it Now) items. There are still plenty of bulk BIN items available to purchase right now.

To become a wizard at saving money here is what you can do. Think about what you buy every time you are at a grocery store. Are any of these products non-perishable? If so write these products down on a piece of paper. Next time you are at a grocery store, find these items and record their prices. If the product comes packaged with more than one item, also write the number of items in the package next to the price. Next, calculate the price per item and put this list somewhere for a rainy day. Next time you are browsing the Internet, take the list out and try some searches on eBay. Try searching for a “lot of” and the item’s name. The more items you buy the more you save on each item, so if you have the space to store stuff for a while and know these products aren’t perishable you should try to find auctions or listings with the highest quantity of items. When you find a listing, calculate the total cost of the bulk lot by adding the price of the item with the shipping cost. Next, calculate the cost per item. Record this number next to the similar product you found at the grocery store. Next calculate how much money you’ll save after this single purchase: subtract the cost per item on eBay from the cost per item from the grocery store and multiply that value by the number of items you are planning to purchase on eBay. You could be saving hundreds of dollars, lots of your time spent shopping, and countless trips and gas money to the store just by sacrificing some of your own storage space at home. After you’ve mastered your home budgeting, next try saving at work. If you own your own business you will be amazed at the time and cost savings “lot” shopping brings to the workplace. Anything from office supplies to store inventory can be purchased right on eBay.

Some other bulk buying tips include thinking ahead of your needs. Buy ahead of time. If you are buying bulk on eBay make sure you factor in the latest possible shipping times so that you don’t end up having to run to the store for what you have coming to your doorstep. In other words, before your toilet paper runs out, you’ll want to make a pit stop at Costco. Why waste your money going to a local grocery store where you pay retail, when that money could afford twice as many rolls somewhere else? Usually there are more cost-saving and exciting products to buy online than toilet paper.

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Source by Johnny Bravo

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Simplified Water Softener Maintenance

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Water softeners are remarkably underrated filtering appliances. Aside from first entering water hardness level, regeneration timing parameters as well as replenishing the salt, they go along and do their task. Even if they are low-maintenance, there are some simple ways to make them more efficient and last for a longer time.

Prevent Salt Bridges and Salt Mushing

Salt bridges are the hard crust formed in the brine tank that build an empty space between the salt and water, which prevents salt from dissolving in the water to produce brine. When there is no brine, resin beads cannot do their job of softening the water.

Bridging is commonly caused by high humidity, changes in temperature around the water softener or the wrong type of salt. It is possible to have a salt bridge when the salt tank seems to be full but water remains hard.

The more serious problem between the two is salt mushing, which occurs whenever dissolved salt recrystallises to form a sludge at the base of the brine tank. This thick salt layer prevents the water from regenerating, stops the water softener from functioning and blocks the passage of water.

In case the water test indicates a salt bridge though it does not break up when pushed, this is caused by salt mushing. The only way to address the issue is to drain the water in the softener, scoop out the old salt and refill it with fresh salt

Be Discriminating When it Comes to Salt Choice

Water softeners are available in three basic types: rock, solar and evaporated. The most affordable is rock salt that has high level of insoluble impurities/minerals. Over a period of time, this can cause a muddy tank, decreasing the efficiency of the softener and leaving impurities in the water.

Solar salt, which dissolves faster in water than rock salt, is produced by the evaporation of sea water. It comes in the form of pellets and crystals. Evaporated salt, which is the best choice, is made by combining mining and evaporation. It is considered the purest among all types of salt, at 99.99% sodium chloride.

Generally, it is best to use high purity salts that leave less residue in a storage tank, making it less likely to have salt bridges and salt mushing that will lead to less maintenance. Bridging issues can be eliminated with the help of high quality salts as well as salts in pellet form.

Resin bed cleaner

Resin beads are frequently recharged by salt but it would be an advantage to clean the resin bed once every few months using a water softener cleaner so it will remain in top shape. Over a long period of time, a water softener can acquire pollutants like iron, heavy metals, silt and organic compounds, causing it to become less efficient.

To reduce the rate of ineffective resin, this requires pouring the amount of water softener cleaner down the brine as recommended by the manufacturer and manually regenerating the system. The cleaner is released during the usual water softening cycle flushing process. This will let the resin remain clean and absorb the maximum amount of calcium and magnesium during its life cycle.

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Source by Karina Popa

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DIY Tips to Clean Electric Fuel Pump Filter

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Fuel pump filter is a small, yet one of the critical components of your car. The purpose of having a fuel pump filter in a vehicle is to stop impurities from reaching the car’s engine. If the fuel pump filter is dirty and clogged, the engine will have starting problems and the engine stops intermittently while running. So, it is important to keep it clean.

Now that you know what is fuel pump filter and importance of keeping it clean, you are all set to get started on cleaning it. But wait, do you know the process and order by which the filter has to be cleaned? If the answer is no, then the following section of the article gives you the step-by-step procedure on how to clean electric fuel pump filter by yourself.

DIY tips to clean

Locate fuel pump in the fuel tank

First, you need to figure out where exactly is the fuel pump filter is located in your vehicle. Usually electric filters are either located inside or close to the tank or at the back of the car – it depends on the manufacturer and model of the car.

Disconnect battery first

This is very important, first you need to disconnect the battery before you start the cleaning procedure because as it is an electric pump, any small spark can ignite the fuel.

Block the fuel pipes to avoid fuel gushing

As you have disconnected the battery, you need to stop fuel from gushing out of the disconnected fuel pipes. For blocking the fuel pipes you can either insert an old pencil, thin cocks or rubber bungs or something that is handy and can fit your fuel pipes.

Remove and clean all filters with petrol

Make sure all filters are cleaned by washing them with fresh petrol. Always use fresh petrol when cleaning the filters. Properly clean the filters; make sure there is no dirt or other contaminants.

Clean inside of the filter with clean rag

Now that you have washed the filters with petrol, don’t leave the filters drenched in petrol. Get a clean lint-free rag and wipe off the inside of the pump.

Check sealing gaskets

When cleaning the filters, check for the sealing gaskets and make sure they are in a good condition. If they are not in a good condition, replace them. Damaged gaskets would result in fuel leakage during its functioning.

Fix it back

Once you are done with the cleaning of filters, fix them back to their original position with the screws provided. Make sure you don’t over tighten the screws of the cover.

You can plan the cleaning of the filters according to the manufacturer’s maintenance schedule provided in the owner’s manual.

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Source by Stephens H Robertson

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CNC Machine Advantages

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Variables relating to the functionality of CNC models may vary from one CNC sort to the other. CNC units can be purchased in various forms. Nearly anything starting from lathe systems to water jet models, so the mechanics for each differing machine will be different; however, the basic principles do the job mostly for the diverse CNC machine varieties. CNC system concepts really should be identified as positive aspects. The main advantages of a good CNC unit is the same for every single unit as it is for every single organization who possesses one. Computer system aided technology is an excellent thing. The CNC system offers that benefit to their owners. Intervention from the personnel is required less, while the machine will do all the work as soon as the programs are programmed to the technical specs preferred. The system continues to operate until the task is finished, all completely unmanned. This approach frees up the personnel to carry out many other assignments if required.

CNC systems offer all these advantages:

  1. A lower number of faults because of man made slip-up
  2. Constant machining every time
  3. Precise machining each time
  4. Decreased manager tiredness, if any whatsoever
  5. Releases the user to do other tasks
  6. Speeds up processing
  7. Reduces misuse
  8. Level of skill to use device is lower

These are just several of the advantages that CNC units have to give you. They offer some other gains that can be based upon the kind of CNC machine which is used.

Transferring out of the production of one program to the other is very simple and may save the company considerable time. Previously it might have taken 24 hours to several days to put a machine up in order to make the proper cuts that are necessary for your order. At present, with the CNC machines, arrange time is considerably reduced. It truly is just about as easy as running a different application.

CNC devices (like CNC Shark) run not simply through a programs, they are action manipulated and operated with many different axes depending upon the kind of the machine. The CNC lathe system operates on the X plus Y axis not like the 5 axis devices which you’ll find now available in the marketplace. The greater amount of axes that your unit is run on, the more delicate and accurate the cuts. More original you are able to become in your assignments, and also the a lot more you’re able to offer fabrication services. The CNC systems can just about do it all without having people involvement apart from through the use of the computer program.

CNC Shark is going to make your own work simple and looking impressive. At this time, the computer, through the computer software, instructs the machine on what precisely to get done and also the machine is constantly on the function till the technical specs or guidelines are already reached, upon which time it stops process towards the sheet of material. The human involvement that is needed along with a CNC device is the programming. Programming for any units is usually written in word such as structures which are in code. The code informs the various axes what direction to go and also completely manages every aspect of the system.

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Source by Dejan Jarko

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Energy Saving Posters Will Encourage Employees to Save Energy in the Workplace

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Energy Saving Posters in the Workplace

Often even the most environmentally conscious people forget to conserve resources in the workplace. But earth friendly habits are important to foster in the workplace, and it is important that managers and business owners put the right tools in place to make green habits easy to adopt at work. Besides being good for the earth, green habits improve a business’ bottom line.

When employees consistently turn off lights and unplug appliances, less energy is required to operate the office. When there are policies in place that require them to turn off screensavers or use sleep modes on their computers, a huge amount of money is saved on electricity bills.

Energy saving slogans are a fun way of gently teaching “old dogs new tricks”. Often people operate on autopilot with bad habits that could easily be replaced by earth friendly practices. This is especially true if the managers or owners of the business do not set eco-friendly systems in place. For example, if no recycling bin is provided, everyone will more than likely throw their recyclables into the trash rather than taking them with them to a recycle bin off site. Almost every breakroom could benefit from a recycling bin and appropriate recycle sign. Another great suggestion to post in breakrooms is the use of reusable utensils and travel mugs.

Almost every office uses paper, but not every office has a tree friendly policies like recycling paper, copying on both sides, and only print what you need. Simply posting these suggestions on the wall with a green sign will cause people to think twice about wasteful practices.

Energy saving posters are large enough to describe several ecofriendly practices, and are designed to cater to the needs of a certain area. There are posters that target breakrooms, copy rooms, lobbies, warehouses, and other common workplace areas. These posters often feature animated illustrations to demonstrate how to green the workplace. Green signs and posters can go a long way to help employees tread a little lighter on the earth.

Employees may feel it is the responsibility of the company to enforce environmental policies. These policies can be established by simply posting appropriate signage in the workplace. This simple step can be effective without even holding meetings or verbal reinforcement. Often employees are happy to participate in green programs, and just need these practices to be first suggested and encouraged by the supervisor. Greening the workplace doesn’t have to be more work. It is more about changing mindsets. The best way to remind people is to place signs in appropriate areas.

One of the most effective energy saving poster shouldn’t even be called a poster at all, because it measures just 5″ x 7″. It is a small sign that is placed beside a light switch that simply says “Turn Off Lights When Not In Use”. This message should be placed beside every single light switch in the workplace.

Don’t let greening the workplace overwhelm you. Start small and do what you can. Make it simple and others will follow. Order some energy saving posters today and you won’t even need to hold a meeting!

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Source by Lara Hill

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Affordable and Expert Server Management Through Colocation Hosting

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Colocation hosting means placing your server machine in someone else’s data center. Most facilities also offer server rentals. This option is ideal for small businesses that need the benefits of a comprehensive IT department without the costs. You install your machine in their rack, and your service provider will render the IP, bandwidth, and power. When you’re all set, you access it like you would access the website of a hosting service.

The biggest advantage of colocation is the bandwidth for money. For the price, or even a lesser amount, of a low-cost business DSL plan, you can already place a single server in a center that provides greater bandwidth capacity and better redundant connections. This should improve your web access speeds significantly. To boot, you get to cut down on your traffic back-haul costs and free up your office-based internal networks for other uses.

These data centers also offer reliable, uninterrupted power, through a stable system of power grids, generators, and expert maintenance practices. A carefully kept backup structure like this can save your business (and a lot of money) during unexpected outages, especially in the storm season. Remember that natural disasters can be just as damaging to your web presence and business as technological ones.

One other important advantage of colocation hosting is the cooling system. Facility operators provide controlled air conditioning for the computer and telecommunications equipment in the building. This ensures the stability of airflow, temperature and humidity to keep your server in optimal condition. Stringent fire prevention and protection systems are also usually in place so that your server can thrive in the most secure conditions possible.

Additionally, colocation facilities provide physical security to your equipment. They usually have high-level security measures. Some employ CCTV cameras and a PIN code or proximity card access system. More modern facilities use biometric security measures, such as fingerprint recognition, voice recognition and “weight matching.”

People who run small sites for personal use or blogs probably do not need the advantages offered by colocation and will do better with web hosting. But if you require more robust features yet cannot afford the cost, colocation hosting is best. The usual customers of this service are web commerce businesses that need a safe environment and cost-effective, redundant internet connections, sizable enterprises that need a center for disaster avoidance, offsite data backup and operational continuity, and telecommunication companies that use the facilities to interexchange traffic with other businesses.

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Source by Sammy Gates

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How Are Different Types Of Candies Prepared

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Candy is prepared from sugar syrup. The syrup is heated for a long period so that it starts to solidify. Candies come in variety of textures, from soft and gummy to hard and brittle. The type produced depends on the temperatures and cooling period of syrup during its preparation.

The History

In Old days steam power was used in factories. Candy making and consumption increased during 19th century. In early days of its development preparation was done mostly by hand. It used to be prepared at home or in small, local shops. Increased machine involvement caused prices to come down and consumption increased.In the late 19th century early 20th century, candy was considered sweet and friendly, so preparing it at home, giving to friends and relatives was the trend. But over time its manufacturing developed in to a big industry. There had been a time when it even got the status of alternate meal. At that time there was very little awareness about nutrition. It was only in late 20th century that people were made aware, that these give empty calories and their popularity came down.

Safety

Making candy can be hazardous at times, due to the high temperature of sugar. The temperature often exceeds 150 degrees Celsius. Even small splashes can cause burns.

Types Of Candies

They are basically 2 types of candies. Hard Candy and Soft Candy.

1. Hard candy

Hard candy, is a candy prepared from syrups heated to a temperature of 160 °C. After heating the syrup to this temperature, it is poured in moulds and then cooled till room temperature we get hard candy. To add color, food grade color is used.

2. Soft candy

Soft candy is subdivided in to two categories:

a. Cotton candy

Cotton candy is made by spinning sugar. The Machines used to make cotton candy has a spinning head covering a small bowl. Granulated sugar is poured in the bowl while it spins. Heaters melt the sugar, and this melted sugar is squeezed out through tiny holes by centrifugal force, and the molten sugar solidifies in the form of strands, then a stick, cone, or hands are used to collect the strands.

b. Marshmallows

The use of marshmallow to make a sweet dates back to ancient Egypt. It is prepared using egg whites, corn syrup and sugar. Now a days, marshmallows are prepared by process of extrusion. Extrusion is the process in which we force semi solid paste of sugar through small orifice to give it cylindrical shape.

I have covered common varieties here but there are many more types of candies available in the market.

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Source by Mausam P

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The Process of New Home Construction

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Simply put, new home construction is the process of building multi- and single family residential homes, large-scale residential developments, or townhouses. This process is often undertaken by developers or investors who build these homes and then will sell them for a profit. When the process starts new home construction starts with designing and planning. Engineers and architects will draw up the building plans for the project based on the specifications of the investor. If an individual has bought a lot in the subdivision then they will draw up a building plan for the homeowners home too. Before they will build one or two houses to be used for open house and to give a prospective home buyer an idea of what the homes will look like, the contractor working on the project will use this time to develop estimates. These estimates will held the investors to finalize the budget of the project. Once the designs are complete the plays will usually be submitted to the local government. This is done to obtain building permits for the project.

Once they have the building permits the contractor can start the earthwork on the site. This will including any grading that needs to be done to create an even level foundation for the new home construction. During this part of the process the earth is removed or added as needed. All underground piping is also installed. If there is going to be a crawl space or basement it will also be added at this time. Once all the earthwork has been done the next step is to start framing the houses using steel or wood studs. The builders will create walls, roof framing, and floors at this stage. They may also install windows and exterior doors. Once the building of the house has been completed it is time to put the roof on to create a structure that is watertight. To give the house a finished look they may install brick or exterior siding.

Once the framing work and exterior work is done it is time to start on the interior work. Electrical and mechanical contractors will run the plumbing pipes and wiring throughout the ceiling and walls. The heating and cooling systems are installed and tested, molding and interior doors are put in place and then the drywall is hung. Next the fixtures and hardware are added and the walls are painted. The new home construction is finished and ready for an inspection by the local authority to make sure that the home meets safety and local building codes. An occupancy permit is issued so the family can move in.

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Source by Lora Davis