Lands of Perpetual Spring

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Nature has created a huge variety of climates. From the steamy hot climates of tropical forests to frosty climates of Siberia and from extremely wet climate of parts of Hawaii Islands to rainless deserts of Sahara and Atacama. One really wonders at the great diversity of climates present in this world. Every climates has its pros and cons. Humans naturally want to reside in those climates which do not have extremes of cold and hot.

Such climates are very rare indeed. There are only a few places which have this type of climate. This climate is found in California in US, in Central Chile in South America, in parts of South Africa and in New South Wales in Australia. Due to their equable and beautiful climates they are lovingly called “lands of perpetual spring”. Now I shall elaborate my point by giving some examples.

Taking the example of California, the region is visited by cool pacific current during summers and warm current during winters. The result is that the region has no extremes of temperatures. The coldest month, at San Francisco is January with a mean temperature of 49 F (9 C) while the hottest month, September stands at 60 F (16 C) thus it has a range of only 11. The rainiest month is Jan. with 5 inches (125 mm) of rain while July is practically dry. Los Angles is a bit warmer but even there the hottest month rarely exceeds 70 F (21 C). Californian coast has the double advantage of proximity to Pacific Ocean and well timed ocean currents.

Cape Town, in south Africa is an other ideal spot. The summers are slightly warmer than those of California since the effect of ocean currents is not that pronounced but the winters are very pleasant indeed and average temperature of the coldest month is usually above 50 F (10 C).

In Sydney, Australia, the climate is similar, with warm sunny days in summer and mild temperatures in winter. Of all the different climates found in Australia, the Climate of New South Wales in general and that of Sydney in particular is very pleasant.

Another area of great interest to geographers and common people alike is the Highland area of Ecuador in South America. Quito, the capital of Ecuador, is a typical example of Land of Perpetual spring. Although it lies directly on the equator and one would expect hot and humid weather all the year round but the on the contrary the climate is cool and pleasant. The reason being that Quito is situated at an elevation of more than 10,000 feet (3000 m) above sea level and temperature is much modified by elevation. The result is that it has every month has a mean of 55 F (14 C). Compare this with the equatorial average of 😯 F (27 C) – a fall of 13 degrees Celsius.

This, in short, is a brief description of the areas which are called lands of perpetual spring for the shear beauty of their climate.

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Source by Waqar Awan

Top 10 Attractions in Belfast Northern Ireland

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I hope that you are planning a trip to Belfast Northern Ireland and if you are you will be made very welcome. Belfast since the end of “The Troubles” has undergone a huge regeneration program and the city is now rather metropolitan in nature and there is a certain buzz about it.

Many people come to visit our capital city each year and I am sure they research quite a bit before their visit, but I thought I would include what I believe to be the top ten attractions to see. I have also ranked them by the priority that I would choose to visit them in. They are also close in proximity to each other and can be easily accessed by foot or by the local Metro bus. You can’t miss those as they are a striking pink and white colour and most of them start out their destination from Belfast City Hall, right in the centre of Belfast.

Here is the list I would personally recommend:

  1. The Ulster Museum
  2. Queen’s University
  3. Botanic Gardens
  4. Titanic Quarter
  5. Belfast Castle
  6. Crown Bar
  7. Belfast City Hall
  8. Linen Hall Library
  9. Odyssey Arena and W5
  10. Saint Anne’s Cathedral

Just to help you with your planned route, I would start with the Ulster Museum which I am sure you will be pleased to know is free to enter and enjoy. Then stroll through the Botanic Gardens and enjoy the beautiful gardens and the hothouse that has some very unusual plants and shrubs. Just a short walk away from that is the beautiful building that is one of the oldest universities in the United Kingdom, and most certainly worth a visit. Bring your camera as you can get some fantastic shots.

A 20 minute walk or a 5 minute bus journey will take you into Belfast city centre and then you should visit the City Hall which is a magnificent building to see and is also steeped in Irish history. Across the road from the main entrance to the City Hall is the very old Linen Hall library which has some of the most unusual and most interesting documents on Irish history.

A 5 minute walk from the Linen Hall library will take you to the best bar in Belfast, the Crown Bar. Enjoy a pint of the best Guinness you will ever taste as you take in the amazing interior, and if you are hungry, I strongly recommend the mussels. They are divine!

From there, it is well worth the 20 minute walk to see Saint Anne’s Cathedral. From outside there you can then hop on a bus and leave for North Belfast to see the Belfast Castle. From there you can see the old dungeons and get a perfect panoramic view of all of Belfast and Belfast Lough.

If you still have some energy left, then you need to get back into Belfast city centre and head to East Belfast and the shipyard where the Titanic was built. The Titanic walking tour is the one I would recommend most as you get a proper sense of the history of the Titanic. This is all within a fifteen minute walking distance from the City Hall.

Once you have finished that, then you are right beside the Odyssey complex, where you can watch Ice Hockey if in season, catch a film, have a meal or a drink and finally relax.

You can do all of the above in two days but I would suggest take three days and enjoy them. A camera is a must and I would also recommend a video recorder of some kind as you will want to relive the memories.

Just remember to enjoy Belfast.

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Source by Enda McLarnon

Lara Croft: Tomb Raider: Legend Cheats and Codes for Xbox 360

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Pistol upgrades

Collect the indicated number of Bronze and Silver rewards to unlock the corresponding pistol upgrade:

Increased magazine capacity: 25% Bronze and Silver

Increased accuracy: 50% Bronze and Silver

Increased damage: 75% Bronze and Silver

Location concepts

Collect all Bronze rewards in the indicated level to unlock the corresponding location concept:

Bolivia: 100% Bronze in Bolivia

England: 100% Bronze in England

Ghana: 100% Bronze in Ghana

Japan: 100% Bronze in Japan

Kazakhstan: 100% Bronze in Kazakhstan

Nepal: 100% Bronze in Nepal

Peru: 100% Bronze in Peru

Special: 100% Bronze in Croft Manor

Character profiles

Collect the indicated number of Bronze rewards to unlock the corresponding character profile:

Alister Fletcher: 90% Bronze

Amanda Evert: 70% Bronze

Anaya Imanu: 30% Bronze

James W. Rutland: 50% Bronze

Lara Croft: 10% Bronze

Shogo Takamoto: 40% Bronze

Toru Nishiruma: 40% Bronze

Unknown Entity: 100% Bronze

Winston Smith: 80% Bronze

Zip: 20% Bronze

Alternate costumes

Successfully complete the indicated task to unlock the corresponding alternate costume:

Amanda (ritual): Successfully complete the Ghana Time Trial.

Amanda (winter): Successfully complete the Kazhkastan Time Trial.

Biker: Successfully complete England: King Arthur’s Tomb.

Biker (no jacket): Collect all Silver and Gold rewards in England.

Biker (red jacket): Collect all Silver rewards in England.

Bikini (black): Successfully complete the game, all Time Trials, and collect all Bronze, Silver, and Gold rewards in all levels, including Croft Manor.

Bikini (white): Successfully complete the game and all Time Trials.

Catsuit: Collect all Gold rewards in Japan.

Classic (gray): Collect all Gold rewards in Ghana.

Classic: Collect all Gold rewards in Peru.

Evening Dress (red): Collect all Silver rewards in Japan.

Evening Dress (ripped): Successfully complete Japan: Meeting With Takamoto.

Goth: Successfully complete the England Time Trial.

Goth (lace shirt): Successfully complete the Japan Time Trial.

Legend (black): Collect all Silver rewards in Croft Manor.

Legend (blue): Collect all Silver rewards in Peru.

Legend (pink): Collect all Silver rewards in Ghana.

Legend (Union Jack): Collect all Silver rewards in Bolivia.

Snowsuit: Collect all Gold rewards in Nepal.

Special Forces (urban): Collect all Gold rewards in England.

Special Forces: Collect all Gold rewards in Kazakhstan.

Sport: Collect all Gold rewards in Bolivia.

Sport (green): Successfully complete the Bolivia Time Trial.

Suit (cream): Collect all Silver and Gold rewards in Croft Manor.

Winter (no coat): Successfully complete Kazakhstan: Project Carbonek.

Winter (no coat, pink): Successfully complete the Peru Time Trial.

Winter (no coat, orange): Collect all Silver rewards in Kazakhstan.

Winter (pink): Successfully complete the Nepal Time Trial.

Winter (orange): Collect all Silver rewards in Nepal.

Winter: Successfully complete Kazakhstan: Project Carbonek.

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Source by David Allison

UK Government Announces Plan to Reduce the Gap in Gender Pay

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The UK government has recently announced that there will be a £2 million fund spent on initiatives aimed at reducing the gender pay gap between males and females. The funding will be spent on training, events, and monitoring programmes to help females move from low paid and low skilled work into jobs that are higher paid and higher skilled.

The measures will also hopefully help female employees in the event that they need to hold their company or employers to account over equal pay, or the lack thereof.

Currently the overall, average pay gap is 19.7%, and though this figure has been reduced from 25% in the last ten years, it still reflects unfair treatment of workers – in particular elderly and part-time employees. One reason for the gap is that there are more women, on average, in low paid jobs. The scheme will be looking to offer the necessary training to aim to help them move into the higher paid positions, careers and professions.

The initiative is to be carried out the by the UK Commission for Employment and Skills and will target women working in the science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM), retail and hospitality management, and agricultural sectors in particular.

The government will also:

• Publish guidance that will help women to compare their pay rate to their male counterparts.

• Invest £50,000 into further guidance to enable female employees to hold their companies to account in the event that they feel that they’ve been underpaid or paid incorrectly.

• Create and launch free pay analysis software to be made available to all companies and businesses so that they can calculate their gender pay gap.

• Implement extra measures to reinforce the existing Think, Act, Report initiative.

The minister for Women and Equalities, Nicky Morgan, stated that: “The measures we’re announcing today will help to tackle the pay gap head-on. We will support women to move out of low paid, low skilled work, into high paid, high skilled work, through providing better training and mentoring.” She added that: “We will also give both women and employers the tools to assess and address unfair pay.”

The measure will hopefully make it far easier for female employees, as well as the employers themselves, to identify pay gaps and issues with pay within their company, and also it will make it easier for them to bring the issue up with their bosses.

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Source by Matt D Lambourne

Put Thousands in Your Budget, Not Your Phone Bill

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The largest potential cost savings in your office is sitting on your desk just waiting to be added to your bottom line, not the phone company’s. A careful telephone bill audit could save you thousands of dollars every year… and doesn’t have to cost you an extra penny.

So how do you go about securing this money saving evaluation now?

First of all, time is of the essence. It’s possible that you’ll only be able to recover over-payments for 12 months even though you have been over paying those charges for years. That’s unfortunate, but regardless, in today’s economic climate all savings are valuable.

Still, you may find yourself thinking “I don’t have time to audit phone records! Nor do I know how!” Rest assured, you’re not alone. After all, who really has time to embark on an audit in this market? You’ve got calls to make, ever changing guidelines to keep up with, and clients to help.

That’s where professional telecommunications consultants can help. They will employ the following techniques and more, with no up-front cost to you at all. You’re probably wondering where the catch is? Why would a company audit your phone records for free? Because, they will ultimately share a percentage of the savings they are able to find for you. That means, the more they find… the more you save!

Here are just a few tips you can use to put thousands back in your in your budget, not into your phone bill.

� Knowing Your Phone Bill Leads To Quick Refunds And Credits.

Check every line item on your bill. Make sure you know what the charge is for and that it matches the terms on your contract. (You have read your contract haven’t you?) Mistakes happen. Furthermore, confirm that all services are actually working at your location. Look for voice mail that has never been turned on or lines never connected. This can result in a quick refund or credit to your account.

� Have You Moved Recently Or Changed Service Providers?

Check your bill. Did you forget to disconnect your old lines or services? The phone company may not do it for you, even if they put your new lines in. It’s a common mistake.

� Are You Being Double Billed For Services?

Carefully review all of your bills to ensure there are no duplicate charges for long distance calls or other services. Comparing multiple bills side by side will help you to pick out any anomalies.

� Check Your Taxes

Are you outside city limits but continue to be billed city tax? This happens more often than you’d think. Are you being billed correctly for all taxes and fees? Ask your provider. Hint, the number of taxes should emulate the number of analog lines. For example, FAC charges should be the same as the number of lines unless you have a T1.

� Check For Late Fees.

Are you paying on time but still charged a fee? Check your due date.

But what can you do if you find discrepancies in your phone bill? Keep the following in mind:

� Don’t Be Afraid To Question Service Charges

If it is difficult for the phone company to determine who ordered a questionable service, they are more likely to give a refund. Don’t be afraid to ask, “Who ordered this service and on what date? Can you fax me the contract?” If they can’t produce a contract there likely isn’t one.

� Be Confident When Requesting a Refund.

If you are confident and clearly state that you expect savings in the form of a refund or credit, more often than not you will receive one. Never accept a “No” from a person that does not have authority to say “Yes”. Ask for their superior. Keep in mind that even if you are 100% at fault for an expensive mistake, you should still ask for a credit. You may get one.

The next step in making sure that you’re not wasting your hard earned money on services you don’t need is to determining your true service needs. Consider the following:

� How Many Phone Lines / Trunks Do You Really Need?

A quick indicator is that long distance only shows up on a few lines. But, only a traffic study performed by your provider will provide you with the real answer. You may be able to save thousands of dollars just by reducing the number of lines you currently have.

� Ask If Your Phone Company Offers A “Utility” Line?

These lines, which are typically used for faxes, modems, alarms and elevators, don’t provide a lot of features, but they are generally half of the price of a regular line.

� What Are Your Data Needs?

Ask your provider for a traffic study. If you have a data T1, consider switching to higher bandwidth DSL or Ethernet and save up to 75%. Typically these have a great history of reliability. If reliability is paramount, combine DSL circuits from 2 different providers or cable company for double the bandwidth and reliability.

If you’re apprehensive about making a change in your phone service, because you’re locked into a contract, consider that even with an early termination charge, you may still be able to reduce costs even further. Keep the following tips in mind when dealing with your provider.

� Knowledge Is Power.

Armed with the knowledge of your true requirements for dialtone and data, your provider will take you more seriously when you tell them you are shopping.

� Make Sure You Understand Your Contract:

Do not be surprised if your provider tells you, “I’m sorry but you have 12 months left on your contract with an early termination charge of $7,200.” Be familiar with your contract and verify how they arrived at their numbers. How much service can you disconnect without incurring any charge? Be sure to stress that you are trying to work with them but that the market is forcing you to explore options.

� Explain Your Changing Office Dynamics.

If your office has half the staff it had a year ago, and you have a full T1 of voice (24 channels), see if they will allow you to re-contract for 12 or less trunks. This can save you as much as 50%. Ask if this is the best deal they can offer.

Finally, when you’ve reviewed your bills, determined your true needs, and secured all refunds and credits, you may be ready for new services. Before you sign up for any new service, weigh the following options carefully.

� Check Your Options.

New services may be available in your area at a lower cost.

� Find A Consultant Whose Fees Are Based On Actual Savings.

In many cases the very best value services are not sold simply because they pay a very small commission for the same amount of work for the service provider’s agent. But telecommunications consultants will be aware of these little known programs, and can secure additional savings for you. Those who save you the most, stand to earn the most, which is why they’ll work hard to get you the best deal available.

� Be Selective In Choosing A Consultant.

Ask for references and don’t pay a penny until the promised savings are verified in writing and match the rates on your new bill. This may take a few months but most reputable consultants will agree to it.

This may sound like a lot of work, but you don’t have to do it alone. A professional telecommunications consulting and brokerage company can save you the time and headache of doing this on your own, all the while keeping your money where it belongs… in your pocket.

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Source by Nathan D Watkins

Samsung Laser Printers – Advantages to Consider

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Samsung laser printers fall within the lower price ranges of the market, but that doesn’t always mean that they lack in terms of quality and features. There are more advantages than disadvantages when it comes to purchasing from this brand, which proves that you can save some money and still get a durable printer that delivers high quality, clear prints.

Samsung Advantages: The biggest advantage to purchasing a Samsung printer is that they are very affordable. The brand offers many models selling well under the $500 price point, with many of those selling for $200 or less. These models are a mix of basic black and white printers and multi-functioning machines with color capability.

Multi-function laser printers are extremely popular right now because they conserve space in the office or home and make working more efficient.

Some of the best rated Samsung laser printers by consumers are those designed to be compact, space saving units. For instance, the ML-1630 Monochrome Samsung laser printer has been very well received by consumers for its attractive, sleek black appearance and small, portable frame. It doesn’t take up a lot of room and can easily be moved around, yet it delivers crisp, clear black and white prints that come out in just 15 seconds.

The Monochrome series printers are also extremely quiet, delivering fast prints without the noise level of other printers.

The prices may be lower than what some other name brands sell for, but Samsung delivers high quality prints and some nice model designs.

Samsung Disadvantages: The biggest consumer complaint about Samsung laser printers that sell for $200 or less comes down to the quality of the paper feed and other small parts on the machine. The paper feed is noted to cause problems for some people on models such as the CLP-315, though there are many other models in the same basic price range which do not have those issues.

Another common complaint from some users is that the print cartridges do not print as many pages as expected before starting to run low. This can be fixed to some extent by purchasing compatible cartridges from other brands that hold more ink, but it must be noted that many models do offer reasonable price per page.

It is important to note that the quality on printers in the lowest price range cannot be compared with the quality of printers selling for higher prices. Samsung actually stands out in the market because they provide many low cost models f Samsung laser printer that are durable enough to last for years and which do not suffer from quality issues. Yet, it has to be expected that a very cheap model may not be as sturdy or durable in the long run as a more expensive model.

Remember, certain models are designed for certain features and functions. To determine which Samsung laserprinter may be best for your home or office, consider what your needs are in terms of quality and features. You can then look at what each model is designed for, read consumer reviews, and pick the best one for your needs.

For instance, someone who values vivid, bright color prints may go with the CLP-510 Samsung laser printer while someone else more concerned with finding a decent quality space saving printer might go with the CLP-300 Samsung laser printer.

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Source by Rai Fritzu

The Best Way of Cleaning Bars and Nightclubs

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Over the years not too much has changed in most bars and nightclubs. The bar and club venues may be bigger, come in different themes, serve greater varieties of liquor, charge entry fees and play different music, but through this year cleaning issues have always remained constant.

It does not matter how much a nightclub spends on the interior decor as long as they can attract a crowd. Alcohol, chewing gum and cigarette smokes are the three major contributing factors of nightclubs cleaning problems. It can be ruined or damage such attracted phases of nightclubs. How?

Alcohol is definitely a big cleaning problem because alcohol becomes sticky once it dries. Whether it is beer, wine, spirits, soft drink or lolly water the result is always the same. Hard floors, carpets, bar tops, tables and the chairs are always sticky and no one likes being stuck to the floor when they are trying to pull one of Michael Jackson finest dance moves.

An ideal solution to clean sticky floor is a floor scrubber or washer. The floor scrubber will scrub, wash and dry floors in a single pass through its unique designed twin cylindrical brush. It only uses plain water and will restore hard floors or short pile carpets to their original condition in minutes.

Chewing gum litter is another problem that never seems to go away. Every year, the problem on chewing gum litter and smoking bans in venues seems to worst. Traditionally, chemical solutions or high pressure water systems were used to remove chewing gum, but these are not practical for indoors.

But with the features of chewing gum removal innovated on a steam cleaning machines, this problem is no longer viral. Various bars & nightclubs in Australia are now using the Jetvac Pro, the chewing gum remover. Ideally for indoor and can be used both on hard floors and carpets. It can remove up to 700 chewing gum per hour.

Steam cleaner is the only machine that has the ability to convert smokers room to a non-smokers room in less than hour. It can remove smoke stains and deodorized surface as well.Comes with a variety of tools and attachments that can clean floors, walls, windows, furniture, benches, tables, bar tops, bathrooms, toilets, kitchens, bars and other nightclub areas.

And before another renovation takes place, bars and nightclubs should start using cleaning machines like Jetvac Pro steam cleaner and floor scrubbers, the best way of cleaning bars and nightclubs that will surely cut expenditures in environmentally friendly way.

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Source by Michelle Tajolosa

Samsung UN32EH5300 Review: More Than Just a Viewing Experience

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Features

  • It is a Smart TV which recommends shows, movies, games and other stuffs based on explored and located favorites.
  • It also has a built-in Wi-Fi with full web browser and other innovative apps made for TV which allows the viewer to watch while surfing the net, exploring the Smart Hub or even while chatting with family and friends online.
  • It can perform downloads and streams of contents from other devices too.
  • It has excellent signature services:
  • Family Story. Through this signature service, viewers can share pictures of the latest family bonding and special occasions. Family Story allows quick uploads of pictures, even ones from mobile devices, real-time chats and message posting.
  • Fitness. This Samsung Smart HDTV can also be a partner in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. With Fitness, workout-savvies can exercise to their hearts’ content through the video-on-demand service, manage their calisthenics history and even monitor their development by downloading the exercise app on their cell phones.
  • Kids Story. It recommends child-friendly programming and games which will educate the child and the whole family in an entertaining way.
  • Wide Color Enhancer Plus displays colors as they are in the eyes of a movie director.
  • AllShare Play provides sharing of content across DNLA-connected Samsung gadgets and gizmos without the need for internet cables or connections.
  • ConnectShare Movie allows enjoying on the Led TV the movies and videos saved on a flash drive by simply plugging the drive into the TV’s USB port.

Pros

  • The picture quality is superb. The colors are alive, the lighting is more even and the blacks are truly shown but without sacrificing the details of small bright objects on dark backgrounds.
  • It has great connectivity options, what with the Wifi, the three HDMI ports (most units of its kind only have two), and the two USB ports.
  • It is light and easy to move around.
  • It looks good with or without a stand.

Cons

  • The screen tends to be semi-glossy, leading reflections to be seen on the screen when the scenes are dark. Positioning the Led TV in the room can be painstaking due to the said reflections.
  • There may be a need for support in the sound system. Dialogues can be hardly heard when there is heavy base background music, but when there is added base on the dialogue, the background music is overpowered.
  • Some of the important settings seem to be unclear.
  • It is not thinner than most

All in all, the Samsung UN32EH5300 32-Inch 1080p 60 Hz LED HDTV (Black) is great for the home. Whether it is the kids or the grownups, watching is not only a viewing experience in this Led TV.

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Source by Dang Thao Le

Web Programming – The Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Approach

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Web programming is an aspect of web site development and the role of web programmer is very significant just as web designer’s role in web design aspect of web site development. Programming languages have developed from machine language to low-level language and then to high-level language. The high-level language which is a language close to natural language (the language we speak) is written using certain approaches. Notable are the monolithic and structural programming approaches. With the monolithic style, you write a whole program in one single block. In structured programming approach, a program is divided into blocks of codes called modules with each module performing a specific task. BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL, C, and DBASE that ran on MS-DOS platform could be written using both approaches.

Following the revolution of windows operating system, it became possible to write programs using a more advanced structured programming approach than the type used on MS-DOS platform. This is the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) approach where a program is divided into classes and each class is subdivided into functions or methods with each function providing a specific service. C++ and Java are typical examples of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) languages which were originally developed for non-web solutions. As the preference for web applications grew more and more according to the historical development of the internet and the historical development of web, the need to improve on scripting languages continued to arise and one of the ways they embarked on it was by making scripts Object-Oriented. Java applet and PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) are examples of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) languages for web solutions. PHP was originally non Object-Oriented but it has been fully upgraded to an Object-Oriented Programming language (OOP) demonstrating the 3 pillars of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) – Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism. Thus, it is possible to write server-side scripts in an Object-Oriented fashion.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) structures program into classes and functions or methods. To use a class and access the services rendered by each function, you must create an instance of the class. When an instance is created, an object is produced which is held by an object variable. It is this object that will now be used to access each function and make use of its service. The syntax of class instantiation statement for object creation varies from language to language. In PHP, you use the new keyword. For instance, if you have a class with name customer and you want to instantiate it and use the object to access function select_records() in the class, you go about it this way-

$cust = new customer();

$cust->select_records();

The first line created an instance of class customer and an object held by object variable $cust. The second line accesses the service provided by function select_records() with the object variable $cust. Java too uses the new keyword for object creation but the application of the keyword in C++ is different where it is used by a pointer variable during dynamic memory allocation. I mentioned earlier the three pillars of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)-Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism. They are the integral features of PHP. Encapsulation is the process of hiding all the details of an object that do not contribute to its essential characteristics. This is achieved by making all instance variables of a class private so that only the member functions of the class can access its private instance variables. Inheritance is a situation in which a class derives a set of attributes and related behavior from a parent class. The parent class is called super class or base class and the inheriting class is called sub class. The member variables of the super class become member variables of the sub class (derived class). In PHP, you use the keyword extends to implement inheritance just like Java, for example

class customer extends products

Polymorphism is an extension of inheritance. It is a situation when a sub class overrides a function in the super class. When a function or method is overridden, the name and the signature of the function in the super class are retained by the overriding function in the sub class but there is a change in the function code.

Another important feature of Object-oriented Programming (OOP) language is constructor. A constructor is a function or method bearing the same name as its class name and it is used for initialization of member variables and invoked as soon as the class is instantiated unlike other member functions that are invoked only with the use of the object variable. At this point, let us use submission of data with, for instance, fixed asset register form for further illustration. Your PHP script needs to retrieve data posted from the form, connect to database, print custom error messages and insert data into the database table. Using the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) approach, you need 4 functions in the class-

  1. The constructor- to retrieve the posted data from the form.
  2. A function to connect to MySQL database.
  3. A function to insert record to the database using the INSERT SQL statement.
  4. A function to print custom error messages.

Because your program is in an organized form, it is easier to understand and debug. This will be highly appreciated when dealing with long and complex scripts like those incorporating basic stock broking principles. Within the limit of the structured programming capabilities of the non Object-Oriented Programming languages of BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL etc, you could organize program too by dividing it into smaller manageable modules. However, they lack the encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism capabilities of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) which demonstrates a great advantage of the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) approach.

Copyrights reserved.

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Source by Olumide Bola

Decisive Steps to Improve Energy Efficiency of Heating Systems

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Heating Systems in Building

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) technology helps in controlling the indoor environmental conditions of residential and commercial structures to provide thermal comfort and improve air quality. The use of an energy-efficient HVAC unit not only has a major impact on cost savings in the long run but also improves the health and productivity of the household.

Different factors help to improve the energy efficiency of an HVAC unit, including the type of system you have to how the system is maintained. Here are a few optimisation tips on having a considerable impact on energy efficiency savings with the HVAC systems of a building.

Keep a Check on Heat Losses from the building

Depending on the difference between the inside and outside temperatures, heating or cooling equipment, when in constant operation, maintains the inside temperature at a comfortable level. This they do by adding or removing the exact heat amount necessary to achieve the required temperature.

Steps towards Minimizing these Losses:

  • Ensure better insulation of walls and roof to keep a check on heat radiation through conduction and dissipation
  • Make your doors and windows with heat-insulated materials
  • Ensure proper treatment of cold bridges (door and window frames, pillars or beams, etc.)
  • When cooling is needed, use sun-screening devices to check solar radiation

It is wiser to adopt these actions when designing a new building and thus less expensive than if done on existing buildings.

Do Not Use Heating and Air Conditioning Simultaneously

For better energy efficiency, implement control systems with default settings that are perfect for the building, which do not operate heating and cooling systems simultaneously and can completely close part of the distribution circuit. Hence, one can use time switches to switch on and off HVAC systems at certain times of the day, such as before and after the start of a shift, programming in for public holidays, all of which go into reducing annual running time. Intelligent time switches are available that work out the optimal operating period and reduce the operating time significantly.

Avoid Improper Use of Heating Systems with the Following Tips

In the case of structures with commercial, administrative or industrial activities, the temperature should not cross 20°C to 22°C inside the rooms. Hospitals and health centres have higher temperature settings and gymnasiums and sports centres have possible colder ambient temperatures.

Keep a check on the opening of windows (both in cold and hot weather) or have your heating or cooling systems dependent on closed windows.

Optimise the Heating Systems to Make it Economical

There are two types of heat generators – individual systems and centralised systems.

Individual Systems: In this type, electric radiators such as convector, radiant or blower are used to separately heat each area of the building (rooms, office, etc.). Despite converting all the energy into heating the spaces (100% efficiency), the heating system is not that economical. To make it economical, there has to be control of the system to switch off the heating units when the space is no longer used.

Centralised Systems: There are two units in centralised systems – a heat generator (boiler) and a distribution system. The purchased heat from a supplier is delivered using hot water pipes and billing is done using thermal metering. Or else, a boiler present in the building is used to generate thermal energy. Greater efficiency is achieved using a recently designed boiler that is adjusted by trained personnel. Regular checking of the CO2 level and the temperature of the exhaust fumes help in measuring the efficiency level, irrespective of the kind of fuel used.

Heat Pumps

Depending on the source of heat, heat pumps are used either alone or along with a boiler. If the heat source is the surrounding air, then it is not possible to use the pump below a specific temperature due to the formation of icing. The widely used heat pumps are the “Air-Water” or “Air-Air” type during mid-season and the boiler in the coldest periods. The subterranean water may also be used as a source of heat, if available. In this case, the “Water-Water” heat pumps are used with a wider range of use as they are not dependent on the outside temperature.

Solar Heating

There are two difficulties to using solar heating – first, it requires the right orientation of the solar panels for maximum exposure, and next, heat availability is subject to weather conditions. Hence, solar heating is best used as a supplement to heating systems.

Optimisation of Heating Circuits

A centralised heating system uses water pipes or air ducts to distribute thermal energy all through the various spaces of a building. To improve energy efficiency, it is important to reduce heat loss occurring along the pipes. This is achieved by insulating the water pipes or air flues, mainly in the unheated spaces (boiler rooms, ducting, service areas). Energy can also be saved by the introduction of zoned heating in which multiple thermostats control the different zones.

Optimisation of Heating Control

The heating control system must be so designed as to ensure the occupant’s comfort while cutting down energy consumption to a minimum. During normal operation, all of the spaces within a building must be kept at a comfortable temperature. However, when the building is not in use (nights, holidays, weekends), the temperature can be lowered by a few degrees.

Factors Needing Programming for Better Optimisation

Heating has to be turned on a few hours before the arrival of the occupants, and it may similarly be turned off just before they leave. It is worth the effort to fine-tune these periods to save on energy over time.

Wherever possible, regulating the temperature of various spaces of a building will help to prevent the heating of rooms that are either used occasionally or remain unused.

Adjust the temperature setting for each room, which would help in improving the user comfort significantly. Finally, keeping tabs on the external climate (temperature, sunlight, wind) would help in estimating the loss of heat from the building.

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Source by Subhashish Bose